Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)

Category
Verbal Categories - Mood
Notes
as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Luiseño
Serrano
Kitanemuk
Kawaiisu
Timbisha
Western Mono
Chemehuevi
Southern Paiute
Southern Ute
Shoshone
Comanche
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute
Gabrielino
Achagua yes Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 101
Resígaro no Allin notes that the subject of an imperative clause must be 2nd person. Allin, 1976: 353-355
Bare no Aikhenvald, 1995: 33
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 270-271
Yukuna no Not mentioned overtly, but the first example in the second column on page 523 of Shauer & Shauer (2000) has "exhortative morpheme." However, the example is translated with a second-person subject, and carries a second-person subject prefix, although it's Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 523
Yavitero no Imperatives in general do not make use of special morphology, so a hortative meaning is expressed using the relevant person-marking. Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64
Wapishana no Santos, 2006:164
Wayuu no Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800
Tariana yes Referred to as a "cohortative," this is rather rare and is only use with the first person plural. Aikhenvald, 2003: 378
Apurinã yes Exact form depends on speech register and rate of speech. Facundes, 2000: 374
Asheninka Apurucayali no info Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910
Maipure no Zamponi 2003:39-42
Yanesha' no Duff-Tripp 1997:113-5
Kinikinau yes Although there is not a particular suffix indicating this, the verb is inflected for third person plural and the "subjunctive" suffix is also added Souza 2008:129
Baure yes It is a preverbal particle Danielsen 2007:291
Nanti no Michael, 2008. p. 399-401
Paresi no Brandão 2010:47-8
Palikur no Launey 2003
Yine no Matteson 1965
Añun no info Patte 1989
Bora no Seifart - 2005:61
Makiritare no Similar semantics are conveyed by using the future tense, but there is no evidence of the hortative morpheme. Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:16
Makushi yes Abbott 1991: 49
Eñepa no Payne 2012
Pemon yes de Armellada 1999: 125
Guna no Smith texts
Naso no Quesada 2000
Ika yes Frank 1990:88
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí no info
Damana yes suffix: -uzhi
Sikuani no de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Macaguan no info Buenaventura 1993
Aguaruna yes Overall 2007:353
Northern Emberá no A declarative or a verification mood marker is used instead Mortensen 1999:85 Catío
Waorani no info
Ingá yes Levinson 1978:21
Matses no Fleck:443
Mapudungun no But there is marking of imperatives for 1, 2 and 3 person (and number is not distinguished) Zúñiga 2006, p.106-11
Páez yes Jung:88
Quechua Ayacuchano no info
Tikuna no Montes 2004b:80-87, 101-120
Urarina yes Olawsky:573
Waunana yes Loewen 1954:65
Andoke yes for 1pl only, no simple morphemic form for 3rd person Landaburu 1979: 226
Puinave yes "same suffix as exhortative" D Valle Giron 2008: p395
Central Aymara no Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Kakua no Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang no Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011
Minica Witoto no not indicated/expected Minor and Minor 1982.
Hup yes same as Declarative suffix Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect no any person/ number can occur in imperative constructions but there is no dedicated marker. Weir 1984:120 Weir 1984
Dâw yes Martins 2004
Desano yes called exhortative Miller 1999, p. 72 exhortative (p); -rã 'Let's', -biri-kã-rã 'Let's not…'
Cubeo no Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24
Kotiria yes Stenzel 2004, p. 389
Makuna yes Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993, p.59
Barasano yes The present plural imperative construction may employ verbs of boh motion and nonmotion to express hortatory commands by the use of -to (second person imperative.) Jones & Jones 1991, p.79-80
Tanimuca no Strom 1992, p.137
Siona yes Further, each form can also carry differing "reasons" for the action to be done, such as moral obligation or urgency out of necessity. Wheeler - 1987:158-159
Tukano yes Ramirez 1997: 145, 147
Yanomami no Ramirez 1994 no examples of this
Ninam yes first person only Goodwin-Gomez, p.106
Sanumá yes desiderative Borgman 1990: 79
Surui no info
Karitiana no Landin 1980:16-17
Nheengatu no Cruz 2011:406-408
Paraguayan Guaraní no info
Aché no info
Kokama no Vallejos 2010
Nyangumarta yes 1
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no info x
Bunuba no info x
Walmajarri yes 1
Nyulnyul no info x
Warrwa no info x
Worrorra yes 62-3 1
Garrwa no info X
Gooniyandi no 0
Warlpiri no info 0
Bardi no 0
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta no 86-87 0
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi yes 168 1
Yidiny no 0
Yanyuwa no info x
Yandruwandha yes 66 1
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga yes 44 1
Woiwurrung no 75 0
Wirangu No info x
Wemba-Wemba no H 44 0
Warumungu No 34 0
Wangkumara no info X
Uradhi No 363 0
Paakantyi no info X
Pitta-Pitta yes 203 1
Pintupi yes 174; 197 1
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no info x
Ngiyambaa no 159 0
Ngayawang Maybe 15 1
Muruwari no 0
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 56 0
Martuthunira yes 186 1
Marrgany No 315 0
Kuuk Thaayorre Yes 385 1
Kuku Yalanji no 93 0
Kugu-Nganhcara yes 443 1
Kaurna yes 17 1
Kalkatungu no 0
Jaru yes 79 1
Guugu-Yimidhirr No 92 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr yes 295 1
Gugu-Badhun no 154 0
Yuwaalaraay No 61 0
Dyirbal No 110-2 0
Duungidjawu no 82 0
Djinang No 191 0
Djabugay
Diyari no info x
Dharuk
Dharawal no info x
Darkinyung no 44 0
Bularnu yes 76 1
Biri no info x
Bidjara-Gungabula no info x
Batyala no info x
Arabana yes 182 1
Alyawarr yes 54 1
Nyikina yes 1
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija Yes 39 1
Wathawurrung no 80 0
Mathi-Mathi no 98 0
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie yes 75-6 1
Thanggati yes 50 1
Katthang no 80-82 0
Panyjima yes 175 1
Ngarinyeri yes 42 1
Kurrama no 213 0
Yingkarta no 0
Githabul yes 24 1
Gunya No 325 0
Kunjen No 130 0
WesternTorres no 0
Wakaya yes 208 1
Yindjilindji no info x
Bandjalang No 95 0
Ngaatjatjara No 95 0
Arrernte No 172 0
Kokatha No 30 0
Karajarri No 177 0
Pitjantjatjara No G 188 0
Ritharrngu No 76 0
Warrgamay No 53 0
Warluwarra no info x
Warnman no info x
Djapu yes 142 1
Bilinarra yes 6.1.2.5 1
Wiradjuri yes 17 1
Aghu-Tharnggala No 70 0
Narungga No info 75 x
Tharrkari No 41 0
Wajarri No 96 0
Warungu no 281-2, 319 0
Adnyamathanha
Yagua no Payne and Payne 1990
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001