| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no info |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 214-215 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
Repetitive action is marked by reduplication of the verb root. There are no textual examples for habitual meaning. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
"Frecuentativo," refers to customary events. |
Galindo, 2002: 168-169 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 313, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006: 169 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 325 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Used to mark events that occur with reasonable frequency. |
Facundes, 2000: 327 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1983:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Habituality is expressed through verbs like "be," "stay," etc. No distinct morpheme. |
Zamponi 2003:44 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
There is a verbal suffix which encodes habitual meaning. The form shown is the graphemic form. |
Duff-Tripp 1997:116 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
In a section on “rare” morphemes, looks like it's either being lost or in the first stages of being borrowed. |
Michael, 2008. p. 266 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:47-8 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965:70-81 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of mood |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:61; Thiesen - 1996:70 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
iterative: -hö, abilitative: -hai, negative: -'da, futurative: -'de, desiderative: -se, imperative: -kö, permissive: -ñoho |
Hall 1988: 336 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 118 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
This ia a verbal suffix |
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 134 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:60-104 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
There is a verbal habitual suffix |
Ortiz 1994:386 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
a verbal suffix is used to mark habituality |
Margery 1985:117; Bourland 1976:59 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
A verbal periphrasis is used where the verb to be is used plus the main verb in realis indefinite form. |
Quesada 2008:137 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:332 |
|
Present tense conveys habituality |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:80 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
The non-future time is used which is formed by just adding subject cross-reference markers on the verb |
Levinson 1974:16 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:426 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p.160 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:68 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:83 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
There is a verbal suffix marking habituality |
Olawsky:465 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
But this is a verba suffix instead of a modal |
Sánchez and Castro 1977:57 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
directly proceding verb |
Giron 2008: p267 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 139 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Goncalves 2011:118-127 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.103 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 77, 86 |
|
The suffix -gua 'do as a habit' is used in the sense of talking about whether or not that person will do an action and saying he probably will because he customarily does it. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
there is an accustomed aspect |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
habitual meaning expressed via visual evidential, imperfective aspect + activity verb |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.57 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.63 |
|
radical verbal + SUS + VBLZ |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Habitual aspect is indicated by -rũgu (habitual) before the tense-evidential and subject-agreement inflection markers. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.98 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The habitual aspect suffix -wai does not indicate an event as occurring at a specific time but rather as charactericitc of all time. |
Strom 1992, p.77 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
habitual, durative, repeated |
Ramirez 1997: 157 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
occurs directly before the verb root |
Ramirez 1994: 160 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 173-186 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:275 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
particle |
Cruz 2011:373 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:97 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
habitual auxiliary |
Vallejos 2010:403 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms5.5.2.ii |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
159 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
no |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
364 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
180, 195, 217 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
81?; 170?; 174-175; 199-200? |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
191-192 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
180 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
146-148 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
323 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
366 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
406 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
299 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
119, 250 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
185 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
37-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
70-72 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
173-174 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
124 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
327 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
110 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85c 93 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
Sharpe 79 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
169 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
215 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 193 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Maybe |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
52-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
921 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
96 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
499 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:391 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
past habitual/durative -de |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
