| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
n/a |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
no information on evidentials |
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
list of affixes does not mention evidentials |
Matteson 1965:71-80 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of evidentiality |
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
"Recent past;" what is expressed in the clause took place on the same or previous day. |
Seifart - 2005:72 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
Melody Ann Ross, Amanda Meeks |
|
No description of evidentials given in source |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
Melody Ann Ross, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:349 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1989:19 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
solicitate, conjecture |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
no evidence of evidentials |
Queixalós 1998, 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:471, 549 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:86-7 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1973:16-17 |
Daniel Valle |
|
There is a "speculative" verbal suffix |
|
| Ingá |
yes |
This clitic expresses doubt for facts for which there is not tangible evidence |
Levinson 1976b:49 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:327-426 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
Factivo: the speaker states something but he does not guarantee the authencity of the statement; speculation: related to the likeliness of a future event |
Jung:77-84 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
Speaker assures the veracity of hi/her statement |
Parker 1965:88 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-92 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
all are prefixes on pronouns; certain for speaker: kẽ-, certain for speaker and adressee: b-, uncertain for speaker: ma-, uncertain for speaker, questioning other about certainty: k-/d- |
Landaburu 1979: p.114 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
Evidential? These are required on all "assertive" (= demonstrative?) utterances, which seems to be evidence that they are some type of evidential as opposed to a more general modal. Landaburu 1994: 111 |
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p281-293 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Levin 2004: 7 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
construction calqued from Tukano; ni probably related to 'be' verb |
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
"opinion suffix" |
Miller 1999, p. 68 |
Amanda Novak; edited by Chris Clack |
|
When -sõ is attached to the end of the verb or verb nominalization, it almost always is followed by the speaker saying, 'I think' or 'He thought', and it is about something that hasn't happened or a state of affairs. |
|
| Cubeo |
no info |
|
Chacón 2012 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
assertion/presupposition |
Stenzel 2004, p. 345 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 |
Chris Clack |
|
Evidential categories including witnessed, heard, inferred, reporting, conjecture, and future. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-88 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.90-91 |
Chris Clack |
|
Whereas in other Tucanoan languages, evidentials are a mandatory feature of the independent verb, in Retuarã the evidentials are optional. |
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 120 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
general non-witnessed/non-visual |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
combined nonvisual and reported |
Borgman 1990: 170 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:281-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:308-56 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
done? |
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms15 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
129-136 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
64-5 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
no |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
Done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
275-277 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
Done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
167 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
184 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
257, 258 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
96 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
208-209 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
177-9 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
23 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
326 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
|
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
165 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
71 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
52-9 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
