| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 2 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Allin says that SOV order is "quite rigid" in transitive clauses. |
Allin, 1976: 318 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 44 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
See examples on pages 251-252. |
Galindo, 2002: 251-252 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
The verb must be at the beginning and either of the orders are accepted VOS or VSO |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 67, 90 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 217 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 507 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
In corpus, only 15/173 free subjects follow verb. |
Aberdour, 1985: 28 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:1820 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:40-42 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:158 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Couto 2005:54 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p333 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Non-focused, referential NPs are found before the verb when they are subjects and after the verb when they are objects, but these are uncommon. There are no examples of a transitive clause with two free referential NPs. |
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:31 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
SV |
Green and Green 1972:57 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:39 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
author does not discuss word order, but verb seems to be S initial |
Patte 1989:75, 113-119 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:63-68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 46 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 24 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1993:44 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 23 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
|
Stendal 1976:3 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Margery 1985:102 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Alphonse 1956:51 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:546 |
|
But there may be some variation |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:89 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:25 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:814 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 240-1 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas:463 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:59 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
In the order OVS |
Soares Faco 1993:96 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:652 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
It is only possible in derived passive sentences |
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 96 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: 336 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 289-291 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.40 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
OSV preferred, SVO also common |
Weir 1984:24 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
SV |
Martins 2005:521 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 2 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 141 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 220 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smotheron 1993, p.31 |
|
subject may appear clause initial also; focus |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, iii |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The subject need not be explicit other than to be indicated by the person and number marking on the main verb. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
The basic order of a transitive clause is SOV. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:140 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9 |
|
inferred from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
based on a frequency count of basic declarative clauses with full NPs |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 125 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 19 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):1 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:320-1 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:417 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:136-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:466 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
h5-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
cf 203, text 7; 238, text 62 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
cf Breen dictionary 176, text A, line 15 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
54, cf 39: ex 3-125 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
67, 72 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 51 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r26 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
368 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
236-237 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
213 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
222 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
219 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
238-239 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
450 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
140 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
415 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
159 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
NO |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
341 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
203 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
147 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
46; 63 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
311: cf text 9.2.5, sentence 16 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
109 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
88 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
106 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
181-183 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
102 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
503 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
115 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
329 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
319 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 40 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
155-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
138 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
376 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:254 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
