| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No indication of fusion. |
Allin, 1976 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Verbal synthesis, but all categories marked with separable morphemes. |
Galindo, 2002: 156-178 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
The person marking suffixes vary depending on the tense/aspect of the verb, although tense/aspect may be marked with additional morphemes as well. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: 800-801 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Tense and evidentiality are fused, (and interrogative fused with tense/evid). Aspect, mood, aktionsart, degree all distinct morphology |
Aikhenvald 2003, 254, 288 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
The only fused categories are person/number |
Facundes, 2000: 271 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:12 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-42 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
person and number are combined in verbal affixes |
Duff-Tripp 1997:71-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"The degree of fusion is extremely low in Baure." |
Danielsen 2007: p83 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:161 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
tense, aspect, mood |
Seifart - 2005: 61 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
certain forms involve marking both agent and patient |
Hall 1988: 151 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
person-markers, aspect, tense and number |
Abbott 1991: 113 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
Tense, person, and grammatical function are fused into prefixes |
Gildea 1989:9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 105 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:60-104 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-145 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
person, number, tense, aspect, modality, function (agent/patient) |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:42-43 |
Daniel Smith |
|
only 1S, 2S, 3S, 3Inclusive for person |
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
Some third person markers are fused with tense markers. |
Overall 2007:329-30 |
Daniel Valle |
|
However, this is a very peripheral feature of the grammar since fusion only occurs in suffixes marking 3rd person and TAM under certain circunstances |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:8-14 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
However, situation in which first person acts upon second person in which a single verbal suffix /-iki/ marks both subject and object. This is the only case of verbal fusion I have found. So, fusion is limited to this suffix only. |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Verb can combine tense and person in a single portmanteau morpheme |
Fleck:395 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
They seem to mark mood, person and number by a single portmanteau morpheme which varies according to those dimensions. |
Salas 1992, p.107 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
person, number and mood are marked by a single portmanteau verbal morpheme |
Rojas:168 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
But this is highly restricted in the language. There are only three suffixes which do this. |
Parker 1965:24, 47-57 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
More likely not |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
At least person and tense/aspect are fused in verbal markers |
Loewen 1954:62 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
only found with reality marking modals and directionals. Irrealis fuses with directionals to make 3 distinct forms |
Landaburu 1979: 194-195 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p276-292 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 125 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
Aymara shows things like tense and person/number by adding a suffix for each category to the stem. My sources do not indicate that any of those suffixes combine categories. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.19-27 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
except for a few tonal morphemes |
Martins 2004:125 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
ex. Tense evidental markers carry information about tense, subject, and how speaker obtained this info |
Miller 1999, p. 64 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
e.g. nominalizer + gender |
Chacón 2012:234 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.38 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Verbal suffixes express emphasis, direction of movement, causation, benefaction, negation, contraexpection, aspect, tense-mood, and person-number. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.67-70 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-174 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 151 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
West and Welch analyze these as portmanteau, but Ramirez segments them. Tense/aspect and person/gender/animacy/number seem to be only two cases where categories are combined |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.240 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
The table on this page provides many examples of the most common verbal suffixes. While Ramirez doesn't state that there is no fusion, there is none indicated by this comprehensive table. |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
no fusional morphemes appear |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
with certain evidentials |
Borgman 1990: 170 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
Aspect markers can also enconded number (of the subject) |
Everett 2006:278 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:86-120 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
done? |
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
83 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
83 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
125 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
111 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
33-34 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
33 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
364 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
166-167 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
90-91 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
Done-Emily |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no? |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
365 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
123, 127 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
407 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
80 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
300 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55, 246 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
69 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
no |
|
169 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
82-88 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
38 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
73 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
49 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
77 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
97 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
45 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
75 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
42 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
118-158 |
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
21 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
326 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
no |
|
108 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
82 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
no |
|
32 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
202 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
218 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
no |
|
74 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
915 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
no |
|
42 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
no |
|
101 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
but morphological fusion occurs on phonetic level |
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
