| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 368 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
unclear |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47-48 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 241-242 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
Ana Paula Brandão, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 247 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 479 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 572 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:1011 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:42,58 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206-17 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
There are several types and several types of relative clauses. It looks like it is most common for relative clauses to appear postnominally, and there are some subtypes that can only appear postnominally. Internally-headed relative clauses occur, but it l |
Michael, 2008. p. 402-414 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:16 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
author does not address relative clauses |
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
author does not discuss complex structures |
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:69-73 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 53 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 168 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 175-94 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This seems to be the most frequent strategy for relativization |
Frank 1990:99-100 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:173-5 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:253-61 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:127 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:22 |
Daniel Valle |
|
But I am not completely sure about it. In the source it says thay a relative clause can appear without a "nuclear noun" |
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 249-51 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:152-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:320 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
pseudorelative clauses as well |
Weir 1984:75 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 6 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 151 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41 |
Chris Clack |
|
The relative clause is a verb-noun embedded clause, which modifies the head noun of the noun phrase. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Clauses may be subordinated as internally headed relative clauses, object complements, or adverbial clauses. |
Strom 1992, p.151 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279-285 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
most common order; from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 129 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:383-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:510 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:584 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
done? |
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
183-184 |
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
58 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378-82 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
Done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
296-300 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
72-73 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
241-243 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
336 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
533 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
389 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
13 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
100-1 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
168-9 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
366 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
99 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
104 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
207 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
188-189 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
61 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
266 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no? |
|
135-6 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
69-70 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
198 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
32 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
47 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
336 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
56 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 133 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
123 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
114 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
268 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
396 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 154 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
111 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
72 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
73 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
114 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
