| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 368 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
unclear |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47-48 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 241-242 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 247 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 479 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 572 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:1011 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:42,58 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206-17 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
There are several types and several types of relative clauses. It looks like it is most common for relative clauses to appear postnominally, and there are some subtypes that can only appear postnominally. Internally-headed relative clauses occur, but it l |
Michael, 2008. p. 402-414 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:16 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
author does not address relative clauses |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
author does not discuss complex structures |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:69-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 53 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 168 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 175-94 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This seems to be the most frequent strategy for relativization |
Frank 1990:99-100 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:173-5 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:253-61 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:127 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Orr et all. 1991:22 |
|
But I am not completely sure about it. In the source it says thay a relative clause can appear without a "nuclear noun" |
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 249-51 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:152-4 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:320 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
pseudorelative clauses as well |
Weir 1984:75 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 6 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 151 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41 |
|
The relative clause is a verb-noun embedded clause, which modifies the head noun of the noun phrase. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Clauses may be subordinated as internally headed relative clauses, object complements, or adverbial clauses. |
Strom 1992, p.151 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279-285 |
|
most common order; from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 129 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:383-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:510 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:584 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
183-184 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378-82 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
296-300 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
72-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
241-243 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
336 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
533 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
389 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
100-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
168-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
366 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
207 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
188-189 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
266 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no? |
|
135-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
69-70 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
198 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
336 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 133 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
114 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
268 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
396 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 154 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
114 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
