Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
- Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 290-291 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 44 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
n/a |
|
Galindo, 2002: 113-121 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
n/a |
No case marking on A/O |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-48 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 210 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
n/a |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 139 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 471-481 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:1619, 2325 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
subjects and objects do not get case |
Duff-Tripp 1997:35 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:100-1 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
n/a |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 340 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010, Rowan and Burgues 1979 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:3-9 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
no case markers |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
no core case marking on full NPs |
Hall 1988:44 |
|
Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 79 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
Based on the examples it seems to be better characterized as a neuter system in which any of the grammatical relations receives case marking in the unmarked cases |
Thomas Payne 1989 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:8-10 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Stendal 1976:18 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:155-9 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
no core case marking |
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:214 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:8, 47 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:7 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:854 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
Nouns and pronouns do not receive case. Thus, it can be argued that they show a neutral alignment |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
However, the object is only marked when it is definite |
Jung:114-5 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:39-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Faco Soares 1993:92-93 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:152-4, 298-354 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 155-160 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p356 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 291 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.76 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.89-91 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
marked subject with -bi |
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
nominative-accusative with neither full NP marked. Verbal agreement marks S of intrans and A of trans |
Ramirez 1997: 108 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Lizot 1996: 51 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 121 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:304-5 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
no core NP marking |
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
NPs are not marked for core cases |
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
44, ms1.7 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
2, 4-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
BS152 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
54-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
1, 18-29 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no? |
|
r8-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
336 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
196 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
148 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
390 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
254 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
110-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
47-48 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
54-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
200 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
65-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
75-78 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
137 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
28-34 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 122 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
505 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
121 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
115 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 20 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
885 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
69 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
157, 183 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
