| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Person and aspect indicated by use of separate morphemes. |
Allin, 1976: 124 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes? |
not sure which categories are fused; perhaps this refers to tense/aspect? |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Person, aspect, and mood all indicated with verbal affixes. |
Galindo, 2002: 156-178 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: 800-801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 66 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 270 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Tense, mode, person, number, gender |
Payne 1981:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-42 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:69-124 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p88 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
|
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
aspect, mode, number, gender are possible |
Patte 1989:47-52 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005: 58 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
"Verb stems are composed of verbal or nominal roots, thematic affixes and transitivity markers. Verb stems are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect mood and negation. Transitivity affixes mark reflexive, reciprocal, passive and causative forms. Sub |
Hall 1988: 331 - 335 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 113 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
e.g. person, tense/aspect, modality, epistemic categories |
Payne 2012:152 - 153 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
tense, aspect, relative clause, some modals |
de Armellada 1999: 105-134 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
aspect, mood, evidentials, adverbial suffixes |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1985:60-87 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:99-145 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
duration, negatives, tense, volition, info sourcing (witnessed/heard ab action) |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
tense, aspect, person (object) prefixes; mood and person (subject) suffixes |
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 207:271 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1978 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
TAM morphemes are obligatory on the verb. Person-marking morphemes are not obligatory but can be attached to the verb |
Fleck:394-5 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Salas 1992, p.111, 113 |
|
one morpheme for mood and one for person/number |
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Rojas: 59 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:45-54, 101-120 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 179 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p218 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 89 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
TAM marked by particles |
Silva 2011:104 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
verb may be marked for person/number, negation, 'want' form, etc. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.19-27 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004:125 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
The obligatory elements in the main verb are the verb stem, a tense-evidential suffix, and a suffix which carries subject agreement. In between these can occur almost any number of modal, aspectual, and other markers, including the negative. |
Miller 1999, p. 63 |
|
The verb morphology of the language is quite extensive with suffixes expressing emphasis, direction of movement, causation, benefaction, negation, contraexpectation, as well as evidentiality, aspect, tense-mood, and person-number. Miller,p.6 |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.15-19 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
aspect, modal, negation, clausal |
Stenzel 2007:486 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-35 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.5,45 |
|
The verb morphology is quite extensive. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.5 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-174 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
tense, aspect, person/number/gender/animacy, evidentials, directionals, negation, and others |
West and Welch 2004 |
|
inferred from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.236 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
but, modal and aspectual morphemes don't cooccur |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99 |
|
many examples with synthesis |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: p.164-186 |
|
inferred from examples with multiple verbal suffixes denoting aspect, tense, or other categories |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:223-95 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
a lot of grammatical information expressed by clitics and particles |
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
person/number affixes, voice and tense can appear together in the verb |
Zarratea 2002:86-120 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
language is isolating |
Vallejos 2010:143 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n40 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
cf 104, irrealis example |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
125 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
36-45 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
47, 96 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 41 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r12-14 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
364 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
175 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
201 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
167 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
336 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
126 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
136-164 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
317 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
386, 407 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
82-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
295 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
246 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
169 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
80-82 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
54-56 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
42, 45 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
104 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
34 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
3 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
130 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
97-98 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
69 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
75, 79 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
167-177 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
118-158 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
326 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
126 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
196 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
65-75 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
260-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:383 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
