| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 318 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Independent pronouns are used more frequently that in other North-Arawak languages |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Pronominal subjects appear prefixed t verb. |
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences are noted in word order for sentences with NP subjects and pronominal subjects. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 60-61 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
In addition to pronominal prefixes. Do not usually co-occur; prefixes typically occur when there are multiple arguments, rather than just a subject/object. |
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
No distinction between pronominal subjects and subjects that are full NPs in the sentence structure given in Mansen and Captain (2000). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Pronouns seem to have special restrictions on their placement, usually preceding the predicate. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 565 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Facundes doesn't discuss this directly. However, in a corpus analysis, subjects (both NP and pronoun) were overwhlemingly preverbal. |
Facundes, 2000: 464, 557 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:2324 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:61 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-6 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
There are free pronouns that can be used, but these are focused pronouns that occur along with a verbal person-marking proclitic, whereas non-focused referential NPs and person-marking on the verb are in complementary distribution. |
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
rarely, they are mostly verbal markers |
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
normally, subject is marked as prefix on verb |
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
However, the pronominal subject can also be an affix on the verb, occuring as a classifier. The recipient would then take an accusative affix in the subject position. |
Seifart - 2005:52-54 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
free pronouns can occur |
Hall 1988: 281 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 99-100 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
in non-past perfective, only O is referenced on the verb |
Payne 2012:153 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
may also be attached to V |
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:25 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Alphonse 1956:8, Quesada 2008:69 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
can occur, can also be marked on verb |
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:214 |
Daniel Valle |
|
However, pronouns usually appear to mark contrast or disambiguate a sentence |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:43 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b. |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:240 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:136-8 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Soto 1976:65 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:135 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
However, pronouns are usually used to express enphasis |
Olawsky:213 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:83-84 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p169 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
pronoun seems to occupy subject position in examples |
Goncalves 2011:34 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
no evidence |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-82 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
A personal pronoun is very often a noun phrase in the subject position and is used in the noun phrase to enhance definiteness. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb. |
Strom 1992, p.115 |
Chris Clack |
|
Free subject pronouns are always postverbal in negative declaritive sentences. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1970:141 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 22; Ramirez 1997 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
not obligatory as free pronouns |
Ramirez 1994: 209-213 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
not obligatory |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borman 1990:149 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):7 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:302 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:141 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:74 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
done? |
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
83, 104 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
cf text 6, sentence 1 (203) |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
12 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
47 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
73-74 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
73-4 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 50-51 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r26 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
352 |
Y |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
156, 159-160 |
Y-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
214 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
103 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
|
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
88 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
10 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
91 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
53-54, 64 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
100-109 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
335 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
216 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
|
Done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
397 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
16 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
cf 43 (3.37 and 8) |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
211-2 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
65 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
342 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
291 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
52 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
136 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
49-50 |
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
28 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
87 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Biri |
yes |
|
23-7 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
3 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
129 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
29 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
76 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
91 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
45 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
81 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
63-65, 106 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
156-159 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
43 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
cf 76, 3.1 |
done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
42 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
335 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
92 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
509 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
106 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
101 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
43 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
13 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
51-2 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
67 |
Y2 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
74 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
16 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
452 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
almost always Set I clitics |
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
