| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 318 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Yavitero verbs always carry cross-referencing prefixes, so this may be better described as "pro-drop." |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 60-61 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
In addition to free pronouns. Do not usually co-occur; prefixes typically occur when there are multiple arguments, rather than just a subject/object. |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Pronominal subjects can be indicated with either prefixes or suffixes on the verb (for both transitives and intransitives). Suffixes only distinguish gender, not person, but there is no other indication that these are adjectives (not verbs). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 802 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 203 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 464 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Prefix vs. suffix placement depends on transitivity status of the verb. |
Payne 1982:2324, 9096; Payne 1981:34 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:174 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Proclitic, in complementary distribution with non-focused referential NPs. |
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
Based on the examples |
Rowan and Burgues 1979:32 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
free pronouns |
Launey 2003:65 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:72, |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:46 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52-54 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 281 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 99 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
in past perfective, A and O are both prefixed to V |
Payne 2012:153 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-7 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:7-8 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
Before consonants: ta- (1st), ne- (2nd), pe- (3rd). Before vowel "a": t- (1st), ni- (2nd), pi- (3rd). |
Buenaventura - 1993:49 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:16, 59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:9 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:341-4 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.116 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:136-8 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133-135 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:487 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979; p.62; 212-215 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p206 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb (and thus are not case-marked.) |
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:170 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
clitics, not prefixes; obligatory (person marking takes special forms relating the relative roles of two different arguments) |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
evidenced by examples throughout |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
Goodwin-Gomez analyzes these as separate words, but they always precede the verb |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
as clitics not prefixes, but Borgman analyzes these as separate words |
Borgman 1990: 149 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):9 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
Only for intransitive subjects |
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:73-74 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
however, a pronoun may be optionally cliticized to the verb phonologically |
Vallejos 2010:210 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
31, 84 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
73-74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
214 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
123, 126 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
106 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
100-109 and 136-164 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
342 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
50-51 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
23-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
63-65 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
324 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
106 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
A=Sa |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
