| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 318 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Yavitero verbs always carry cross-referencing prefixes, so this may be better described as "pro-drop." |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 60-61 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
In addition to free pronouns. Do not usually co-occur; prefixes typically occur when there are multiple arguments, rather than just a subject/object. |
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Pronominal subjects can be indicated with either prefixes or suffixes on the verb (for both transitives and intransitives). Suffixes only distinguish gender, not person, but there is no other indication that these are adjectives (not verbs). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 802 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 203 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 464 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Prefix vs. suffix placement depends on transitivity status of the verb. |
Payne 1982:2324, 9096; Payne 1981:34 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:174 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Proclitic, in complementary distribution with non-focused referential NPs. |
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
Based on the examples |
Rowan and Burgues 1979:32 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
free pronouns |
Launey 2003:65 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:72, |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:46 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52-54 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 281 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 99 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
in past perfective, A and O are both prefixed to V |
Payne 2012:153 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-7 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:7-8 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
Before consonants: ta- (1st), ne- (2nd), pe- (3rd). Before vowel "a": t- (1st), ni- (2nd), pi- (3rd). |
Buenaventura - 1993:49 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:16, 59 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:341-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.116 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:136-8 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133-135 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:487 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Mejía 2000:90 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979; p.62; 212-215 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p206 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Goncalves 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb (and thus are not case-marked.) |
Strom 1992, p.114 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:170 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
clitics, not prefixes; obligatory (person marking takes special forms relating the relative roles of two different arguments) |
Ramirez 1994 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
evidenced by examples throughout |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
Goodwin-Gomez analyzes these as separate words, but they always precede the verb |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
as clitics not prefixes, but Borgman analyzes these as separate words |
Borgman 1990: 149 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):9 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
Only for intransitive subjects |
Everett 2006:343-57 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:73-74 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
however, a pronoun may be optionally cliticized to the verb phonologically |
Vallejos 2010:210 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
done? |
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
31, 84 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
91 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
1 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
73-74 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
71 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
214 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
Done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
123, 126 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
106 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
100-109 and 136-164 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
335 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
216 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
Done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
65 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
342 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
52 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
136 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
50-51 |
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
23-7 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
63-65 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
73 |
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
42 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
324 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
92 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
106 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
43 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
A=Sa |
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
