| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 176 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences between NP subjects with full pronouns and NP subjects with nouns |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Free pronouns are used for emphasis. They precede the verb, while full NP subjects follow the verb. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 61-62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
No distinction between pronominal subjects and subjects that are full NPs in the sentence structure given in Mansen and Captain (2000). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 565 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 464 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:2324; Payne 1981:34 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-37 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
Pronouns usually occur before the verb whereas nouns occur after the verb |
Duff-Tripp 1997:158 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-6 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 342-344 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:65 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52-54 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 281 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 99 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:25 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:68-72 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:214 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:43 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b. |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.116; Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:136-8 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:23-6 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:133-135 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:213 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p169, 206, 228 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
|
The subject occurs before the verb when it is in special focus. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.115 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:141 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):7 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
73=74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 52 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes? |
|
r26 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
156, 159-160 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
214 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
120 on |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
100-109 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
397 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
cf 43 (3.37 and 8) |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
342 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
49-50 |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
23-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
129 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
63-65 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
156-159 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
73-82 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
106 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
370-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
