Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme

Category
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing
Notes
Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla yes
Cupeño yes
Luiseño yes
Serrano yes
Kitanemuk yes
Kawaiisu yes
Timbisha yes
Western Mono yes
Chemehuevi yes
Southern Paiute yes
Southern Ute no
Shoshone yes
Comanche yes
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute yes
Gabrielino yes
Achagua no Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:115
Resígaro no Allin, 1976: 129
Bare yes reflexive/reciprocal are the only intransitivizing morphology listed Aikhenvald, 1995: 38
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 259-261
Yukuna no Shauer 1978: 47
Yavitero yes Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69
Wapishana no Santos 2006
Wayuu no Unclear: there is a morpheme -ira which is identified as a “reciprocal.” No discussion of whether this can also be used for reflexives (or what is used for reflexives, but I assume that it is only a reciprocal marker.
Tariana yes However, this is no longer productive. Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266
Apurinã no Facundes, 2000: 327, 407-408
Asheninka Apurucayali no Payne 1982:57; Payne 1981:11,12
Maipure no info Zamponi 2003
Yanesha' no Duff-Tripp 1997:70, 97
Kinikinau no The reflexive marker is /-koko/ Souza 2008:113
Baure no Danielsen 2007:244
Nanti no Michael, 2008. p. 278
Paresi no Brandão 2010:30
Palikur no Green and Green 1972:6
Yine no info Matteson 1965
Añun no info no info on reciprocal Patte 1989
Bora no Seifart - 2005:59
Makiritare yes Hall 1988: 173
Makushi yes Reflexives, reciprocals, and unspecified arguments are all expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix at-/es-/e'- Abbott 1991: 37-38
Eñepa no Thomas Payne 1989:40
Pemon yes de Armellada 1999:40-265-6
Guna no Smith texts
Naso no Quesada 2000
Ika yes Frank 1990:71
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí yes Quesada 2008:71
Damana no
Sikuani no de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Macaguan no Buenaventura - 1993
Aguaruna no Overall 2007:311-3
Northern Emberá no info
Waorani no info
Ingá yes Levinson 1987:12
Matses yes Fleck:349
Mapudungun yes Salas 1992, p.129-30
Páez no info
Quechua Ayacuchano no Parker 1965:75, 80
Tikuna no info
Urarina no Olawsky:603-9
Waunana no info
Andoke yes reciprocal/reflexive is a pronominal suffix -hə́ Landaburu 1979: 167 may actually be verbal, depends on status of Pn as proclitic or not
Puinave no Giron 2008: p366-367
Central Aymara yes Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226
Kakua no info Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang yes Goncalves 2011:290
Minica Witoto no info Minor and Minor 1982. p.87, 102-103
Hup yes Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect yes Weir 1984
Dâw no Martins 2004
Desano yes Miller 1999, p. 118
Cubeo no there are 3 suffixes that are marked on the noun but not on the verb. Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 105
Kotiria no Stenzel 2004
Makuna no Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35,64
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-80 no info/not expected
Barasano no Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111
Tanimuca no Strom 1992, p.133
Siona no There are no morphemes for these verb forms. Wheeler - 1987:138-158
Tukano no info Ramirez 1997 if distinct reciprocal marking does exist, it may not be morphological
Yanomami no Ramirez 1994 no evidence for this
Ninam n/a no special form for reciprocal or reflexive Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Sanumá no no reflexive Borgman 1990: 43-45
Surui yes Van der Meer (?):14
Karitiana no info
Nheengatu yes prefix Cruz 2011:294
Paraguayan Guaraní no The reciprocal is marked by /-jo, ño/ Zarratea 2002:97
Aché no info
Kokama yes -ka marks several different related functions Vallejos 2010:336
Nyangumarta yes 1
Jingulu yes 1
Wambaya yes 1
Bunuba yes 1
Walmajarri yes 1
Nyulnyul yes 1
Warrwa yes 1
Worrorra yes 105-6, ms16.0 1
Garrwa yes 25 1
Gooniyandi yes 1
Warlpiri yes s163 1
Bardi yes 1
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta no 88-89 0
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi no info x
Yidiny no 0
Yanyuwa yes 123 1
Yandruwandha yes 64-5 1
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga yes 49-50 1
Woiwurrung no 73 0
Wirangu yes 109-110 1
Wemba-Wemba no H 47 0
Warumungu No 43 0
Wangkumara no 37-8 0
Uradhi No 374 0
Paakantyi no 186 0
Pitta-Pitta yes 206 1
Pintupi yes 15; 114-115; 120-121 1
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no 0
Ngiyambaa no 166 0
Ngayawang yes 14 1
Muruwari no 150, 153 0
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 55, 68 0
Martuthunira no 0
Marrgany No 322 0
Kuuk Thaayorre No 412 0
Kuku Yalanji no 0
Kugu-Nganhcara No 398 0
Kaurna No 10 0
Kalkatungu yes 86 1
Jaru yes 152-9 1
Guugu-Yimidhirr yes 97 1
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr no 343 0
Gugu-Badhun no 142 0
Yuwaalaraay No 82-3 0
Dyirbal No 89, 92 0
Duungidjawu no 87 0
Djinang Yes 147 1
Djabugay
Diyari no 0
Dharuk
Dharawal yes 55 1
Darkinyung no 37 0
Bularnu no 101 0
Biri no 42-3 0
Bidjara-Gungabula no 38 0
Batyala no info x
Arabana no 152-3 0
Alyawarr no 57 0
Nyikina yes 1
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija Yes 30 1
Wathawurrung no 80 0
Mathi-Mathi no 99 0
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie no 81, 82 0
Thanggati no 52-3 0
Katthang yes 83 1
Panyjima no 160, 191 0
Ngarinyeri No 29 0
Kurrama no 144-5, 223 0
Yingkarta yes 1
Githabul No 15 0
Gunya No 330 0
Kunjen No 94 0
WesternTorres no info x
Wakaya yes 103 1
Yindjilindji no 503 0
Bandjalang yes 91 1
Ngaatjatjara yes 61 1
Arrernte No 191 0
Kokatha no info x
Karajarri Yes 233 1
Pitjantjatjara Yes G 127 1
Ritharrngu Yes 61 1
Warrgamay No 75 0
Warluwarra no 867 0
Warnman Yes 37 1
Djapu yes 76 1
Bilinarra yes 5.2.4 1
Wiradjuri no? 17, m280-90 0
Aghu-Tharnggala Yes 90 1
Narungga No info x
Tharrkari No 36 0
Wajarri Yes 108 1
Warungu no 516, 537 0
Adnyamathanha
Yagua yes Payne and Payne 1990:275
Baniwa yes Ramirez 2001