Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred
- Category
- Morphology - General
- Notes
- The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 6 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995:13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 85 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: 798-801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 253 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 270 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:1112 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:22-124 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p89 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 248 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:17 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005: 58 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
"Suffixation and justaposition are the two most productive morphosyntactic processes" |
Hall 1988: 331 - 335 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 113-115 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:152 - 153 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:4 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-145 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
seems like prefixing weakly preferred |
Queixalós 2000:575-576 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
prefixes: pl on verb, object, reflexive, etc.; suffixes: tense, subject |
Buenaventura - 1993:41-45 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:301 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:10 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Peeke 1973:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1978 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:204 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.108-11 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas: 59 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-98, Perroud 1973:11-123 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979 |
|
based on examples in text |
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p442 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 143 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.36-40 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004:125 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 5 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 17 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 96 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.iii |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.5 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-174 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 107 |
|
inferred from examples |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.92 |
|
Ramirez only says that an affix is "generally a suffix", but from looking at the rest of the examples in the book, I think it's obvious that there are far more suffixes (incorporated proclitics (typically just marking agreement) are the only exceptions to |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez : p.81 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
inferred from examples throughout text |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:223-317 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
a lot of grammatical information expressed by clitics and particles |
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:86-147 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:68-69 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:143 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes? |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
2, 63 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
s37 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
79, 83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
47, 96 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 28, 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
18, 32 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
308 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193, 201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
49, 126 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
57-58 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
386, 407 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
1b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
46, 79 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
291-295, 254 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55, 246 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
24, 69 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
61, 130 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
77-98 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
26, 69 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
30, 75 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
9, 21 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 121-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
196 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 6 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
862 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
63 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
12 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:383-403 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
