Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone

Category
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
Notes
Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Luiseño
Serrano
Kitanemuk
Kawaiisu
Timbisha
Western Mono
Chemehuevi
Southern Paiute
Southern Ute
Shoshone
Comanche
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute
Gabrielino
Achagua no Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:94
Resígaro no Allin, 1976: 106
Bare no Aikhenvald, 1995: 35
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 161-163, 253
Yukuna no Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Yavitero no Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68
Wapishana no Santos 2006
Wayuu no Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800
Tariana no Aikhenvald, 2003: 268
Apurinã no Facundes, 2000: 310
Asheninka Apurucayali no Payne 1981:41; Payne 1983:11
Maipure no Zamponi 2003:43
Yanesha' no Duff-Tripp 1997:97
Kinikinau no info
Baure no Danielsen 2007:250-2
Nanti no Michael, 2008. p. 279
Paresi yes Brandão 2010:33
Palikur no Launey 2003
Yine no Matteson 1965
Añun no info no info on valence Patte 1989
Bora no Seifart - 2005:59
Makiritare no Hall 1988: 129
Makushi no Abbott 1991: 40-41
Eñepa no
Pemon no de Armellada 1999:262
Guna no Smith texts
Naso no Quesada 2000
Ika yes There´s verbal stem change as a strategy for forming causative. However, what the author refers here as causative may be described as jussive "let hm go in"m for instance. Frank 1990:66
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí no Quesada 2008:183
Damana no
Sikuani no de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Macaguan no info Buenaventura - 1993
Aguaruna no Overall 2007:302-4
Northern Emberá no Mortensen 1999:62 Catío
Waorani no info
Ingá no Levinson 1978:12
Matses no Fleck:887
Mapudungun no Salas 1992, p.186
Páez no Jung:103
Quechua Ayacuchano no Parker 1965:74
Tikuna no info
Urarina no Olawsky:459-60, 609
Waunana no Mejía 2000:90
Andoke no Landaburu 1979: 203-204
Puinave no Girón:222, 360
Central Aymara no Huayhua Pari 2001: 165 to 168
Kakua no info Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang no info Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011
Minica Witoto no Minor and Minor 1982. p.101
Hup no Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect yes some verbs have causative stem changes Weir 1984
Dâw no Martins 2004
Desano yes the second syllable or final vowel is replaced with bo/bõ/b˜u or o/u Miller 1999, p. 114
Cubeo no Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57
Kotiria no Stenzel 2004, p. 207
Makuna no Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70
Barasano no Jones & Jones 1991, p.101 Barasano also has lexical causative verbs derived historically from morphological causatives.
Tanimuca no There are evidences of a variety of past processes of causative formation that are no longer productive. Strom 1992, p.92
Siona yes Stem change. Wheeler - 1987:145-147
Tukano no Ramirez 1997: 271
Yanomami no Ramirez 1994: 245-248
Ninam no Goodwin-Gomez: 101 no evidence for this
Sanumá no Borgman 1990: 47-53
Surui no info
Karitiana no Everett 2006:440
Nheengatu no Cruz 2011:287
Paraguayan Guaraní no Ayala 1996:233-51
Aché no info
Kokama no Vallejos 2010:373
Nyangumarta no 0
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no 0
Bunuba no info x
Walmajarri no 0
Nyulnyul no info x
Warrwa no info x
Worrorra no 11 0
Garrwa no info X
Gooniyandi no 0
Warlpiri no info 0
Bardi no 0
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta no info x
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi no 89 0
Yidiny no 0
Yanyuwa no info x
Yandruwandha no 181-5 0
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga no 47-9 0
Woiwurrung no info x
Wirangu yes 98-9 1
Wemba-Wemba no H 47-50 0
Warumungu No info x
Wangkumara no 38 0
Uradhi No 376 0
Paakantyi yes 185 1
Pitta-Pitta No 205 0
Pintupi no 0
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no 0
Ngiyambaa no 163-166 0
Ngayawang No 14 0
Muruwari no 0
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No info x
Martuthunira no 0
Marrgany No 319 0
Kuuk Thaayorre No 402-5 0
Kuku Yalanji no 97 0
Kugu-Nganhcara No 412-4 0
Kaurna No 15 0
Kalkatungu no 87 0
Jaru no info x
Guugu-Yimidhirr No 118 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr no 306 0
Gugu-Badhun no info x
Yuwaalaraay No 84 0
Dyirbal No 91 0
Duungidjawu no 86-7 0
Djinang No 122 0
Djabugay
Diyari no 0
Dharuk
Dharawal no 61 0
Darkinyung no info x
Bularnu no 0
Biri no 40 0
Bidjara-Gungabula no 0
Batyala no info x
Arabana yes 146 1
Alyawarr no 0
Nyikina no 0
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija No 47 0
Wathawurrung no 89-90 0
Mathi-Mathi no 99-101 0
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie no 84 0
Thanggati no 55-6 0
Katthang no 86 0
Panyjima no 188-189 0
Ngarinyeri No 59 0
Kurrama no 153 0
Yingkarta no info x
Githabul No 23 0
Gunya No 329 0
Kunjen No info x
WesternTorres no 0
Wakaya no 0
Yindjilindji no info x
Bandjalang No 86 0
Ngaatjatjara No 71 0
Arrernte No 193 0
Kokatha no info x
Karajarri No 195 0
Pitjantjatjara No G 224 0
Ritharrngu No 61 0
Warrgamay No 77 0
Warluwarra no 956 0
Warnman No 44 0
Djapu no 75-6 0
Bilinarra no info x
Wiradjuri no info x
Aghu-Tharnggala No 83 0
Narungga No info x
Tharrkari No 37 0
Wajarri No 108 0
Warungu no 391 0
Adnyamathanha
Yagua no Payne and Payne 1990
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001