| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
not productive |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 55 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read |
Allin 1976: 113, 210 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
marks repetitive aspect, reduplication of the final syllable of a verbal stem. Some verbs use full reduplication, some use partial. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
|
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Examples of partial and total reduplication. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no info |
|
|
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
|
|
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
There is perhaps an archaic reduplicated form of the causative morpheme as an intensifier. |
Aikhenvald 2003: 274 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
only for onomotopaeic forms |
Facundes, 2000: 250 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:120 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-36 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
This occurs with verbs to express iterative meaning |
Duff-Tripp 1997:164 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
This is especially common in nouns, "particularly animal names"; "found on verb, adjective, and some adverbial stems for intensification or emphasis" |
Danielsen 2007: p96 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:96-100 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
no evidence so far- this does not seem to be very common in any Carib lgs |
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 |
Melody Ann Ross, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Seen when conveying a large (numeral) number. |
Carson 1982:73 |
Melody Ann Ross, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
only one mention of reduplication |
Payne 2012:339 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 271 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
e.g. dunnu - dunnu (wrinkled) |
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
When an adjective is repeated it expresses a greater degree of the quality of it |
Frank 1985:43 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
more likely not |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 1998:114-115 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:109-11 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:31 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
However, the repetition of a verb is used to express emphasis. Repetition of words is also used to express a repeated or continuos action. |
Levinson 1976b:88 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Verbal reduplication |
Fleck:453 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Salas 1992, p.188 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Full reduplication is used to convey "duration in time". In addition to verbal full reduplication a morpheme which specifies the kind of duration needs to co-occur. |
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:84-6 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
More likely not |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:418 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
The only mentions I found of any kind of reduplication/repetition were in reference to interjections (Huayhua Pari 2001: 228) and as a way to pluralize some nouns (Gomez 1992: 32) |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
reduplicated verbs for plurality |
Cavalcante 1987:58-65 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
reduplication of verb root |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.52 |
Christopher Clack |
|
when the root is vocal, insert a glotal 'h' between the two vowels. |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p.111 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
The diminutive suffix, -xĩ, is occasionally duplicated, particularly with the dĩ- 'this' prefix. |
Chacón 2012:207-208 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
Chris Clack |
|
not indicated/expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.85 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.41-47 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.62 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no info |
|
West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
has the effect of deverbalizing a stative verb, but with other verbs it expresses rapid, periodic repetition of an action without interruption |
Ramirez 1994: p.365 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez : p.35 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: p.198 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
However, reduplication is not a productive phenomenon. It only happen in less than 20 words and some not all of them fully reduplicate. |
Everett 2006:210 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:74, 308 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
more likely not |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
There is at least full reduplication of a morpheme to show intensity or dinamism. |
Susnik 1974:54 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
there is partial redup., but rare |
Vallejos 2010:153-154 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
done? |
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
42-3 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s108 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
99 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
107 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
51-3 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
106-121 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
43-45 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 27-28, 49 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
16 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r29-33 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
364 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
158, 181 |
Y-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
212 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
yes |
|
12, 19, d35-6 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
72 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
37-38 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
50, 82, 129 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
34 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
34 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
312 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
61 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
24 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
382 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
7 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
25b |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
234 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
87 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
yes |
|
67, 94 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
316 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
98, 101 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
86 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
242 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
49, 89 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
125 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
138, 141, 149, 171 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
19 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
32 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
21; 135-6 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
4 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
135 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
51 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
84 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
74, 93, 100 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
67, 91 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
17 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
48 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
6 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
312 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
126 |
Done- |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.1.1 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
513 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
83 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
77 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
195 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
58 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
64 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 145 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
21 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
35 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
951 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.2.11 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
27 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
50 |
Y2 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
83 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
24 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
238, 315 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001:336 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
