| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
ma- is a "privative" auxiliary. |
Allin, 1976: 215-216 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Mansen & Captain (2000) say that the verb noholaa means 'no ser, no estar, no haber.' This verb takes person marking (in the unmarked, 'general' tense), which, interestingly, are different than those that attach to regular verbs. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:19 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p338 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
There is a negative existential verb, but this isn't a general negation strategy. |
Michael, 2008. p. 378-385 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:51-2 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:42-3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion of negation |
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:72 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 55 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:353-362 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:120-121 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:63-8 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:90-93 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
This is the most common way of negation |
Mortensen 1999:98 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:39-40 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:996 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, 110 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:193 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:75, 93 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 100 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.72-75 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 7 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 315 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
Chris Clack |
|
shortened versions also used (bã) |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.127 |
Chris Clack |
|
The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.147 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
negation can be encoded with a negative aux verb |
West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-153 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
used with the negated future |
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 82 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:328-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:531 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
done? |
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
64 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
95-6 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
156-158 |
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
135 |
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75, 77 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
141-2 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 56 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
57 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
381 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
228 |
Y-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
Done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
239 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
68 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
124 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
Done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
59 wordlist |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
151 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
334-5 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
107 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
117-8 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
110-111 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
146 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
46 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56-7 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
103 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
97-98 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
51 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
90 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
48 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
30 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
102 |
Done- |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
109 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
139 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
98 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
175 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
348 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 244 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
101 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
873 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
50 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
57 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
132 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
