| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
ma- is a "privative" auxiliary. |
Allin, 1976: 215-216 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Mansen & Captain (2000) say that the verb noholaa means 'no ser, no estar, no haber.' This verb takes person marking (in the unmarked, 'general' tense), which, interestingly, are different than those that attach to regular verbs. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:19 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p338 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
There is a negative existential verb, but this isn't a general negation strategy. |
Michael, 2008. p. 378-385 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:51-2 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion of negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 55 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:353-362 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:120-121 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:63-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:90-93 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
This is the most common way of negation |
Mortensen 1999:98 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:996 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, 110 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:193 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:75, 93 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 100 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.72-75 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 7 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 315 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
shortened versions also used (bã) |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.127 |
|
The negative verb bã is also used to negate nominalizations, as well as sentences, in which there is no explicit subject. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.147 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
negation can be encoded with a negative aux verb |
West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-153 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
used with the negated future |
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 82 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:328-9 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:531 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
95-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
156-158 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
141-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
381 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
228 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
239 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
59 wordlist |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
151 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
334-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
107 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
117-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
110-111 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
146 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
103 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
97-98 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
102 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
109 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
348 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 244 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
873 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
132 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
