| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
When relative clauses are juxtaposed |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Relative clauses do not seem to have heads-- the head function is indicated by a classifier. |
Allin, 1976: 361 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Headless relative clauses exist but they're difficult to distinguish from complement clauses. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
The examples all occur with a gender marker on the verb in the relative clause. These gender markers are also used on adjectives, suggesting they are agreement markers rather than heads. |
Galindo, 2002: 341-342 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
Ana Paula Brandão, Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Aikhenvald mentions that "headless relative clauses are constituents of the main clause," suggesting that there are headless relative clauses. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 537-538 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 583-585 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:1738 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:398 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
There is a subtype of ranked relative clauses that can be headless. |
Michael, 2008. p. 410 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:70-71 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988: 351-352 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
"Simple nominalization often results in an appositive relationship with another noun phrase, usually with an intonational break. The nominalized construction can also occur alone without a head noun." |
Abbott 1991: 70 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:27 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
more likely not |
Frank 19885:130-3 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:174 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:149-54 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:253-5 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:129 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
However, it is based on the few examples given in the source. It may be possible that headless relative clauses exist in the language. |
Soto 1976:152-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:320 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
The relative clause is externally headed (the head comes after the rel. clause), but it definitely has a head. |
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
Relative pronouns are used as the head of these clauses. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:63 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
Martins 509 |
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Most of the clauses functioning as the complement of other clauses are nominalized and may be viewed as headless relative clauses. |
Miller 1999, p.145 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
nominalized verbs can be considered relative clauses like when subjects are not overt and tehre is no relative pronoun- |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 152 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
appear with nominalizer/classifier |
Stenzel 2004 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
When relativizing into the subject, object, or recipient and the head of the relative clause is pronominal, rather than full NP, the pronoun is omitted and the head is referred to only by the number/gender suffix |
Strom 1992, p.151-154 |
Chris Clack |
Relative clauses in Retuarã are not common. |
headless relative with number/gender inflection |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:117-118 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
no examples of this |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 133 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:583 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
done? |
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no? |
|
ms17.1.1.i |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
183 |
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
58 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
130-131 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
299 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
226 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
72-73 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
No info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
533 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
Done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
430 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
101 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
361 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
99 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
104 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
207 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
206 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
61 |
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
267 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
135 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no info |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
69-70 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
32 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
47 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
56 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
240 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
122 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
114 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
321 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
33 |
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
389 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 154, 158 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
111 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
73 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
73 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
613 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:346 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
