| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
When relative clauses are juxtaposed |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 143 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Relative clauses do not seem to have heads-- the head function is indicated by a classifier. |
Allin, 1976: 361 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Headless relative clauses exist but they're difficult to distinguish from complement clauses. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 47 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
The examples all occur with a gender marker on the verb in the relative clause. These gender markers are also used on adjectives, suggesting they are agreement markers rather than heads. |
Galindo, 2002: 341-342 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 94 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Aikhenvald mentions that "headless relative clauses are constituents of the main clause," suggesting that there are headless relative clauses. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 537-538 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 583-585 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:1738 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:206 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:398 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
There is a subtype of ranked relative clauses that can be headless. |
Michael, 2008. p. 410 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:70-71 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988: 351-352 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
"Simple nominalization often results in an appositive relationship with another noun phrase, usually with an intonational break. The nominalized construction can also occur alone without a head noun." |
Abbott 1991: 70 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:27 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
more likely not |
Frank 19885:130-3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:174 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:149-54 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:253-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:129 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
However, it is based on the few examples given in the source. It may be possible that headless relative clauses exist in the language. |
Soto 1976:152-4 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:320 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 304 |
|
The relative clause is externally headed (the head comes after the rel. clause), but it definitely has a head. |
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
Relative pronouns are used as the head of these clauses. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:63 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
Martins 509 |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Most of the clauses functioning as the complement of other clauses are nominalized and may be viewed as headless relative clauses. |
Miller 1999, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
nominalized verbs can be considered relative clauses like when subjects are not overt and tehre is no relative pronoun- |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 152 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
appear with nominalizer/classifier |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
There seem to be no relative clauses in Barasano just as there are no relative pronouns. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
When relativizing into the subject, object, or recipient and the head of the relative clause is pronominal, rather than full NP, the pronoun is omitted and the head is referred to only by the number/gender suffix |
Strom 1992, p.151-154 |
Relative clauses in Retuarã are not common. |
headless relative with number/gender inflection |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:117-118 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no examples of this |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 133 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:152-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:583 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no? |
|
ms17.1.1.i |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
183 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
130-131 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
299 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
226 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
72-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
533 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
430 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
361 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
104 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
207 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
206 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
267 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
69-70 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
240 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
114 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
321 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
33 |
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
389 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 154, 158 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
111 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
613 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:346 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
