| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 5 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Allin identifies three auxiliaries, which take person marking. However, the reflexive and privative markers are found on main verb. |
Allin, 1976: 214 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 292 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
The remote past is expressed with the auxiliary verb iʔima'ka. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Some aspectual information is conveyed using auxiliary verbs. Both auxiliary and main verbs have person-referencing prefixes in constructions with auxiliary verbs. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64-65 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 156 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Mansen, 1976: p. 256 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 235 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 294-295 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
Instead, suffixes are utilized in such a way that they translate as auxiliary verbs, but do not take grammatical markings. (In a way, they are verbal markings themselves.) |
Payne 1981:3031 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"There are no auxiliaries in Baure. Instead there are free verbal particles in addition to the affixes attached to verbs for TMA marking" |
Danielsen 2007: p269 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:58-62 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
Auxiliaries are forms of 'to go' and 'to be' |
Hall 1988: 335 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
ená 'become', wanɨ 'be', komámɨ 'stay, remain', mápɨɨtɨɨ 'cause' and kúpɨ 'force' |
Carson 1982: 136 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1989, 1995, 2012:169-171 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
The author calls these verbs as auxiliaries but they do not seem to fit the definition of auxiliary verbs since they do not show any grammatical information not already present in the main verb; rahter, they seem to be a instance of verb serialization |
de Armellada 1999: 27-9 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:46 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
There seem to be four auxiliary verbs |
Alphonse 1956:30, Quesada 2008:134 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Quexalós 1998:268-286 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
author suggests that the language has auxiliaries, but the example he shows does not seem like one |
Buenaventura - 1993:52 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
There are 11 verbs that can function as auxiliary verbs. |
Overall 2007:279-80 |
|
There are six auxiliary verbs |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:12 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
Verbs of motion are used as auxiliaries. |
Levinson 1976:74 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-78 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
more likely not |
Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:303 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:40 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 99 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
for mood |
Silva 2011:104 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.19-27 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
Positionals/directionals |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Desano has two auxiliary verbs, ii- 'do' and wa- 'go'. |
Miller 1999, p. 87 |
|
aux verbs carry person and number |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 60 |
|
As is common with languages of the OV type, auxiliary verbs in Cubeo normally appear at the end of the verb phrase. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 237 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.82 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Barsano has 3 auxiliaries: ya, yi, yã |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.37-38 |
|
ya 'to do, say, think' is used for Progressive aspect, yi 'to do, say, think' is used with any distance in space/time, yã 'to be' is Durative. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The auxiliary verb baa 'do, make' is used to create a construction that indicates imminence. |
Strom 1992, p.38 |
|
The auxiliary takes the tense suffic while the content verb takes the subject prefix. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler 1987:168-170 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
auxiliary used with verb 'to do/make' to indicate aspect (we'e), and to indicate going to do something (wa'a) or coming from doing something (eja) |
West and Welch 2004: 36-37; Ramirez 1997: 112 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
/ku/ is the only auxiliary, and it's use is not restricted to aux. functions. Often occurs after the main verb |
Ramirez 1994: p.350 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.91, 99 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
Borgman says it "can be considered" an auxiliary |
Borgman 1990: p.207 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:438 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:402 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
BS152, elsewhere |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83-91 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
146-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 46 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
364 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
341 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
406 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
96 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
131 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
36; 66 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
206 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
62 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
85 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
46, 60 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
329 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
114 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
K85c 89-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
189 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
188 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 206 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
60-64 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
92 (d) |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
3.4 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:413 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
unclear |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
