| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 5 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Allin identifies three auxiliaries, which take person marking. However, the reflexive and privative markers are found on main verb. |
Allin, 1976: 214 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 292 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
The remote past is expressed with the auxiliary verb iʔima'ka. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Some aspectual information is conveyed using auxiliary verbs. Both auxiliary and main verbs have person-referencing prefixes in constructions with auxiliary verbs. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64-65 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 156 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Mansen, 1976: p. 256 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 235 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 294-295 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
Instead, suffixes are utilized in such a way that they translate as auxiliary verbs, but do not take grammatical markings. (In a way, they are verbal markings themselves.) |
Payne 1981:3031 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"There are no auxiliaries in Baure. Instead there are free verbal particles in addition to the affixes attached to verbs for TMA marking" |
Danielsen 2007: p269 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:58-62 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
Auxiliaries are forms of 'to go' and 'to be' |
Hall 1988: 335 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
ená 'become', wanɨ 'be', komámɨ 'stay, remain', mápɨɨtɨɨ 'cause' and kúpɨ 'force' |
Carson 1982: 136 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1989, 1995, 2012:169-171 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
The author calls these verbs as auxiliaries but they do not seem to fit the definition of auxiliary verbs since they do not show any grammatical information not already present in the main verb; rahter, they seem to be a instance of verb serialization |
de Armellada 1999: 27-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:46 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
There seem to be four auxiliary verbs |
Alphonse 1956:30, Quesada 2008:134 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Quexalós 1998:268-286 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
author suggests that the language has auxiliaries, but the example he shows does not seem like one |
Buenaventura - 1993:52 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
There are 11 verbs that can function as auxiliary verbs. |
Overall 2007:279-80 |
Daniel Valle |
|
There are six auxiliary verbs |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:12 |
Daniel Valle |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
Verbs of motion are used as auxiliaries. |
Levinson 1976:74 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-78 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
more likely not |
Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:303 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:40 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 99 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
for mood |
Silva 2011:104 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.19-27 |
Christopher Clack |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
Positionals/directionals |
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Desano has two auxiliary verbs, ii- 'do' and wa- 'go'. |
Miller 1999, p. 87 |
Amanda Novak |
|
aux verbs carry person and number |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 60 |
Amanda Novak; note addition by Chris Clack |
|
As is common with languages of the OV type, auxiliary verbs in Cubeo normally appear at the end of the verb phrase. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 237 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.82 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Barsano has 3 auxiliaries: ya, yi, yã |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.37-38 |
Chris Clack |
|
ya 'to do, say, think' is used for Progressive aspect, yi 'to do, say, think' is used with any distance in space/time, yã 'to be' is Durative. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The auxiliary verb baa 'do, make' is used to create a construction that indicates imminence. |
Strom 1992, p.38 |
Chris Clack |
|
The auxiliary takes the tense suffic while the content verb takes the subject prefix. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler 1987:168-170 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
auxiliary used with verb 'to do/make' to indicate aspect (we'e), and to indicate going to do something (wa'a) or coming from doing something (eja) |
West and Welch 2004: 36-37; Ramirez 1997: 112 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
/ku/ is the only auxiliary, and it's use is not restricted to aux. functions. Often occurs after the main verb |
Ramirez 1994: p.350 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.91, 99 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
Borgman says it "can be considered" an auxiliary |
Borgman 1990: p.207 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:438 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:402 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
done? |
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
40 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
BS152, elsewhere |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83-91 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
146-7 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
94 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 46 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
364 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
Y-Hannah |
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
Done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
Done-Emily |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
3 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
|
done |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
341 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
Done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
406 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
17 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
96 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
2 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
105 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
317 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
56 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
68 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
131 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
36; 66 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
61 |
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
38 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
206 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
62 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
85 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99-101 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
68 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
46, 60 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
73 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
37 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
21 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
329 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
114 |
Done- |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
K85c 89-90 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
82 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
65 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
189 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
188 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 206 |
|
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
60-64 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
92 (d) |
|
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
3.4 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:413 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
unclear |
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
