Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs

Category
Morphology - Incorporation
Notes
Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Luiseño
Serrano
Kitanemuk
Kawaiisu
Timbisha
Western Mono
Chemehuevi
Southern Paiute
Southern Ute
Shoshone
Comanche
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute
Gabrielino
Achagua no info Wilson & Levinsohn 1992
Resígaro no The description of a verb stem (or any other level) does not contain a slot for some other root (although there are light verb constructions that take adjectival or clausal complements). Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109
Bare no info Aikhenvald, 1995
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 150-180, 235-268
Yukuna no Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524
Yavitero no No discussion of incorporation in chapter on verbs. Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69
Wapishana no Santos, 2006:139
Wayuu no The template for verbs does not include a slot for incorporated elements. Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800-801
Tariana no The overview of predicate structure does not describe any incorporation processes. Aikhenvald 2003: 253-254
Apurinã no info Thre is a section on noun incorporation, but no suggestion that other elements can be incorporated. Language has no adjectives
Asheninka Apurucayali yes adverbials Payne 1981:3842
Maipure no info Zamponi 2003:37-47
Yanesha' no Duff-Tripp 1997:171
Kinikinau no info
Baure no info Danielsen 2007: p98-100
Nanti no Michael, 2008. p. 327-331
Paresi no info Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010
Palikur no info Launey 2003
Yine yes incorporated locatives Matteson 1965:79
Añun no Patte 1989
Bora no Seifart - 2005:58-65
Makiritare no Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15
Makushi no Carson 1982; Abbott 1991
Eñepa no info
Pemon yes can you say anything about which ones? It seems that postpositions can be added to verbs to form other verbs de Armellada 1999: 260 to 262
Guna yes verb + directional adverbs Smith texts
Naso no Quesada 2000
Ika no Frank 1985:60-104
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí no Quesada 2008:99-145
Damana yes adjectives, quality (unique, reiteration), actuality
Sikuani no de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:219-237
Macaguan no info Buenaventura - 1993
Aguaruna no Overall 2007:269-72
Northern Emberá no Mortensen 1999:59-88 Catío
Waorani no info
Ingá no especially prepositions and temporal expressions Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b
Matses no info
Mapudungun no Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-78
Páez no info
Quechua Ayacuchano no Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62
Tikuna no Montes 2004b:45-54, 101-120
Urarina no info
Waunana no info
Andoke no info
Puinave no info "However, there seems to be a possible incorporation but it has a ridig structure and seems to be the product of grammaticalization." Giron 2008: p221 (Table 23; ex. 417a-f)
Central Aymara no info
Kakua no info Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang no info not likely Silva 2011
Minica Witoto no Minor and Minor 1982. p.36, 42-44 Features such as locative (-mo) are attached to the noun via suffix.
Hup no Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect yes esp. postpositions Weir 1984:97
Dâw no A few possible examples but not productive Martins 2004: 653
Desano no Miller 1999, p. 110
Cubeo yes Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 76 A class 2 noun may also follow a stative verb stem or a nominalized adjective stem.
Kotiria no Stenzel 2007
Makuna yes Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43
Koreguaje no adverbs Cook & Criswell 1993, p.80
Barasano yes Barasano is a verb-adjective language Jones & Jones 1991, p.63
Tanimuca no Strom 1992, p.100
Siona no info Wheeler 1987
Tukano no Ramirez 1997 no evidence of this
Yanomami yes can incorporate noun classifiers, AUG/DIM; "adjectives" pattern verbally, and so they may seem "incorporated" but this might be better classified as a kind of verb serialization. Ramirez 1994: p.130; Lizot 1996: p.32-33
Ninam yes adverbs Goodwin-Gomez, p.82-83, 103
Sanumá yes adverbs Borgman 1990: p.204
Surui no info
Karitiana no Everett 2006:296-317
Nheengatu no info Cruz 2011
Paraguayan Guaraní no Zarratea 2002:69-118
Aché no info
Kokama no Vallejos 2010
Nyangumarta no 0
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no 0
Bunuba no 0
Walmajarri no 0
Nyulnyul no info x
Warrwa no info x
Worrorra no info X
Garrwa no info X
Gooniyandi no 0
Warlpiri no info 0
Bardi no 0
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta no 0
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi n/a 46-51 0
Yidiny yes 1
Yanyuwa no info x
Yandruwandha yes 148-9 1
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga yes? 46, 53 1
Woiwurrung no info x
Wirangu No 96 0
Wemba-Wemba no H 48-50 0
Warumungu No 39 0
Wangkumara no info X
Uradhi No 364 0
Paakantyi no info X
Pitta-Pitta No 201 0
Pintupi no info x
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no info x
Ngiyambaa yes 200-202 1
Ngayawang No 15 0
Muruwari no 0
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 56-60 0
Martuthunira no 0
Marrgany No 314 0
Kuuk Thaayorre No 11 0
Kuku Yalanji no 0
Kugu-Nganhcara No 405 0
Kaurna No 14 0
Kalkatungu no info x
Jaru no 221 0
Guugu-Yimidhirr No 105 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr no 319 0
Gugu-Badhun no 0
Yuwaalaraay No 59 0
Dyirbal No 246 0
Duungidjawu no 85-88 0
Djinang No 169 0
Djabugay
Diyari no info x
Dharuk
Dharawal no info x
Darkinyung no 38 0
Bularnu no 0
Biri no 0
Bidjara-Gungabula no info x
Batyala no info x
Arabana no info x
Alyawarr no info X
Nyikina no 0
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija No 35 0
Wathawurrung no 85 0
Mathi-Mathi yes 99-101 1
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie no 89-91 0
Thanggati no 53-63 0
Katthang no 73 0
Panyjima no 0
Ngarinyeri No 42 0
Kurrama no 0
Yingkarta no 0
Githabul No 22 0
Gunya No 329 0
Kunjen No 113 0
WesternTorres no info x
Wakaya yes 10.2.1 1
Yindjilindji no info x
Bandjalang No 84 0
Ngaatjatjara No 71 0
Arrernte No 113 0
Kokatha No 40 0
Karajarri No 114 0
Pitjantjatjara No Y 7 0
Ritharrngu No 60-66 0
Warrgamay No 45 0
Warluwarra no info x
Warnman No 45 0
Djapu no 0
Bilinarra no 0
Wiradjuri no info x
Aghu-Tharnggala No 70 0
Narungga No 73 0
Tharrkari No 30 0
Wajarri No 91 0
Warungu no 0
Adnyamathanha
Yagua no info Payne and Payne 1990:
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001