| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
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|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
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|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 62 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Noun classifiers trigger extensive agreement, but there can be multiple classifiers and not all nouns have them. |
Allin, 1976: 152-153 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
One of the feminine markers is also called a classifier, but it appears to be functioning in the same way as the other class marker. However, there are also numeral classifiers. |
Galindo, 2002: 98-112 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Numeral classifiers, perhaps also possessive classifiers? |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
No mention of classifiers in chapter on nouns. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-48 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
The same morphology used for distinguishing noun class can also be used for noun classification, with the difference being in how the morphology affects the meaning of the noun. For example, the suffix "-ɖap" meaning (roughly) habitat. When used as noun c |
Santos, 2006:115 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Sometimes two or more nouns can link up, but the first noun is more generic and the nouns that follow specify the referent. There is only one example--there are three words for 'people,' (guajiro, non-guajiro indigenous, and indigenous), and the following |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
established classifiers |
Aikhenvald 2003: 89 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
There are two types of what are called "classificatory nouns," one set is less productive, the other set is more productive. Facundes notes that these have properties of both classifiers and noun class/genders, so they are somewhere between the two. |
Facundes, 2000: 167, 169, 176 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:13, 2234; Mihas 2010:107 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
There are more than 100 classifiers |
Duff-Tripp 1997:113 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
approx 21 |
"The majority of bound nouns can function as classifiers, in addition to the approximately 21 grammatical classifier roots." |
Danielsen 2007: p101 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 332 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:81-2 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
66 classifiers. Mainly describe shape, but also include gender and animacy. |
Seifart - 2005:77 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
no noun classifiers |
Hall 1988: 291-292 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
nominalizers: '-toʔ' (gerundive), '-kói', plural '-kon' (perfermer of the verb), '-eŋ' (actor/one who), 'n-eŋ' (agentive), 'tɨ-…-s-eŋ' (patient, reflexive patient) |
Carson 1982: 61-4 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
There are 21 classifiers, only occur in genitive constructions |
Gildea 1989; Aikhenvald 2000:127; Payne 2012:82 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:39-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:91 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 1998:3 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
not clear what the first two classify, -ia animates, -ja animates |
Buenaventura - 1993:50 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124-37 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1973:125-8 |
|
However, it is not clear the status of the "noun classifiers" as such from the examples which show them in compounding and incorporation processes |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas:173-80, Jung:133-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
The author does not talk about noun classifiers but it does look like that |
Loewen 1954:72-76 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 133-134 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
These are mainly related mass things, liquid state, recipient, ect.There are 8 nouns classifiers |
Giron 2008: p183 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 74 to 80 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no info |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.36 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
possessor classification only |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
Martins identifies a set of noun classifiers but these are probably misanalyzed |
Martins 2004:129 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 35 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
150+ They are suffixed to inanimate nouns of class 1, to verb roots, and to certain animate nouns; Chacón describes 17 classifiers |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 73; Chacón 2012:242-251 |
|
The classifiers of Cubeo form a continuum, with one-syllable bound morphemes at one extreme and multisyllable nonbound morphemes, which have independent stress, at the other extreme. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 122 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
140 commonly used |
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.37 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18 |
|
These serve three functions: 1. show the correlation between elements of the noun, 2. radical-nominal noun, and 3. replace the noun that follows the switch. |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Barasano has an extensive system of noun classifiers, which provide concordance within the noun phrase, and are used to form referring expressions that head noun phrases. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.49 |
|
11 Major categories of Barasano classifiers; Shape, masses, designs, botanical, disassociated parts, geographical, manner-formed, abstract, associative, general, residue. Shape is the major feature and comprises the largest category. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Whereas noun class and predicate adjective categorization have relevance outside the NP, classifiers categorize nouns within the NP according to gender, number, animacy, and shape function. |
Strom 1992, p.11. |
|
The six classes include: masculine and animate singular, feminine singular, masculine and animate dual, masculine and animate plural, feminine plural, and inanimate. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
noun classifier system for inanimates |
Wheeler 1987:106 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
various based on form, function, other; "dependent noun" classifiers are a large (350+) open class. |
West and Welch 2004: 85; Ramirez 1997: 234-6 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
100+ |
Ramirez 1994: p.123-124 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.119, 120 |
|
synchronically frozen, often unproductive |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
about 15 |
Borgman 1990: p. 144-147 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:121-41 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms4.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
46-47 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
17-18 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
190-191 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
279 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
446 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
254 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
38; 95 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:446 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
