| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 22 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
n/a |
No noun classes. |
Allin 1976: 150-176, 223 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
The examples are only with animates. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
All examples of inanimates seem to be masculine, unmarked gender. |
Galindo, 2002: 99-101, 143-145 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
All gender examples are with animates, adjectives don't agree with inanimate nouns. |
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 519, 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
The masculine gender is default, while feminine gender is assigned only to feminine animates. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36, 49 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:139 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
All examples of inanimates get singular, non-masculine marking. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
All inanimates are classified based on their form or function. |
Aikhenvald 2003: 87 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 218 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Gender distinction is straightforward for human nouns. However, animate nouns are usually masculine, and inanimate nouns are usually feminine, with many exceptions (including flora, which according to Asheninca legend were human at one time). |
Payne 1981:13, 2234 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Masculine is unmarked. |
Zamponi 2003:25-26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:253-66 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:79 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"Only feminine animates are considered grammatically feminine, and all other nouns are masculine."; "Inanimates are always referred to by unmarker masculine, while animates can also be unmarked for gender." |
Danielsen 2007: p116-117 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
All animates are “feminine.” |
Michael, 2008. p. 294 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:98-99 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:201-222 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 287 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1992: 77 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 48 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bertoglia 1983:3-13 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Alphonse 1956:3 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 1998:31 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas:173-80, Jung:133-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:27 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
more likely yes |
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: p.130-132 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p185 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 75 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-32 |
Many names of insects and animals appear to be masculine or feminine but this is only coincidence. |
Nouns that refer to animals or things generally do not take an ending that indicates gender. |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p.21 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 79 |
|
Most animals are by default masculine, but some are default feminine. A few animals simply lack masculine genders. |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 139 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.34 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.19-21 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.10 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:95-96 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular) |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.142-151 |
|
no indication of gender distinctions in noun classifier list |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.119-120 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: p.144-151 |
|
no mention of sex distinction |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:121-41 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
46-47 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
446-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
254 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
307 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
60 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
N/A |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 122 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
145 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
881 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
32-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:446 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
