| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 22 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 100 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
All pronouns can take gender markers. |
Galindo, 2002: 99, 143 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Elements of noun phrases also are distinguished by gender, but no other pronouns do. |
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 41 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 160 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
No other pronouns are marked for gender, although gender is a category elsewhere. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Other pronouns distinguish gender as well. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 87 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 218 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:13, 2234 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
It seems that gender is not distinguished in nouns either |
Duff-Tripp 1997:61 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:79 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"There is no clear distinction of human versus non-human or animate versus inanimate nouns in Baure, even though there remains the subgroup of human nouns with slightly different plural marking." |
Danielsen 2007: p116-117 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 295 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:65 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:93 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:83 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
Gender is not distinguished even in the 3rd person. |
Hall 1988: 282; Escoriaza 1959:12 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1992: 77 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Tosantos 1977:19-20 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 12 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:34 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
|
Celedón 1886:13 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:56 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:69 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
one 3rd person pn; sex is determined by including "man/woman" in the sentence, or by context |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Applies to both singular and plural. |
Queixalós 1998:21 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
no distinction in any form |
Buenaventura - 1993:43 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124-37 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:42-3 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
However, there is a honorific third person female form |
Zander:94 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:26 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:133-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
Gender is not distinguished in person pronouns |
Parker 1965:35 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
Gender is also distinguished in nouns |
Montes 2004b:61 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:213 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
Gender is not distinguished in pronouns |
Mejía 2000:91 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
only in 3-1 and 3-2 |
Landaburu 1979: 131 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p185 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 80 |
|
The gender distinction is not shown in any of the pronouns, not even the 3rd person |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Silva 2011:147 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.10 |
|
gender distinction also found in the dual form (use of these pronouns is rare) |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 80 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 161 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
Third person pronouns distinguish masculine and the feminine singular and plural. |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
In the third person singular there is an animate/inanimate distinction as well as separate forms for masculine and feminine. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.34 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:135-136 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 19-20; Ramirez 1997: 123 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez, 1994: p.112 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47, 49 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: p.149-151 |
|
no mention of sex distinction |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:300-1 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
no gender distinction |
Cruz 2011:146 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:28 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms7.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
LG165 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
71-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
n/a |
|
r1-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
194 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d51 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
n/a |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
100-109 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
303 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
446-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
7-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
282 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
60-61 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
49-52 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
110-119 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29-30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
157 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 121-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
508 |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
907 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
