| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
Jane Hill |
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No articles, only demonstratives. |
Allin, 1976: 198-200 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
Ana Paula Brandao |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 183-203 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
There is a category of "determiner" but no discussion of it. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer 1978: p. 29 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
A class of articles is 'inexistent' in Yavitero. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 50 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
Ana Paula Brandao, Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Not sure whether these are definite or specific. |
Mansen & Captain, p. 797 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Homophonous with third-person free pronouns, but distinguished on distributional criteria. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 204-205 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Only demonstratives |
Facundes, 2000: 356 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
no evidence of article |
Mihas 2010, Payne 1981, Payne 1983 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Articles appear to be implied or perceived through context. There are no articles in the language itself. |
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:23-68 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"The article does not mark definiteness. It is generally used with proper names and heavenly bodies.." |
Danielsen 2007: p312 |
Mitz Perez |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
“Specific” articles, use the same form as demonstratives. |
Michael, 2008. p. 306 |
Aimee Lawrence |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
uses demonstrative pronouns |
Launey 2003:102 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Article for definite/indefinite is the same. It can be interpreted as definite or indefinite, depending on the context. |
Seifart - 2005:125 |
Amanda Meeks |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
No mention in either source of any definite or indefinite articles |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
Melody Ann Ross |
|
No reference to articles given in source- consistent w/ other Carib lgs; I know there are no articles in Macushi, but can't find a place where this is explicitely stated. |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
no articles |
Payne 2012 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 151 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
the demonstrative eima "this one" is used as a definiteness marker |
Frank 1990:33 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
|
Celedón 1886:7 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:53-54 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-96 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
it doesn't appear that articles exist in Damana |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
apparent that no articles are used |
Queixalós 1998:68 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
ke- is a numeral prefixed to a noun |
Buenaventura: 1993:51-52 |
Daniel Smith |
|
"ketú" means "one"; bound article is "ke-", meaning "one" or "the" |
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:231-321 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
The author suggets that this category is being grammaticalized in the new genereations of speakers (probably because the influence of Spanish) but this feature does not occur in the traditional language. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
However, it seems that they do not exist in Urarina since they are not mention anywhere in the source |
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
same as 3rd person pronouns, repeated before noun as determiners, presumably definite? |
Landaburu 1979: 155 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p161-177 |
Mitz Perez, Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 72 |
Shannon Dardis |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
no discussion but author glosses /ti/ as a definite masculine article |
Silva 2011:142 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
no existing articles |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.31 |
Christopher Clack |
Many speakers of Huitoto have difficulty using articles in Spanish because they do not exist in their language. |
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
Pattie Epps |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
Katherine Bolaños |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 21-34, 169 |
Chris Clack |
|
Participants are frequently introduced with yuhu- 'one' which seems to mean 'a certain' to indicate that that referent is a definite person or thing, although probably not known to the listener preciously, and that it is going to be salient in the discour |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 74-95 |
Amanda Novak |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-17 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.4 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
There are demonstratives but no definite or indefinite articles. |
Strom 1992, p.51 |
Chris Clack |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
there is a specific marker -ta used for emphasis, however (this very one, etc.) |
Ramirez 1997: 222-223 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirex 1994 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
no mention of these |
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
certain person marking on the noun implies specificity but isn't a specific article |
Borgman 1990: p.144-146 |
Kelsey Neely |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296-317 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
However, it seems that the language have began to borrow the articles from Spanish |
Zarratea 2002:166 |
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
Daniel Valle |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
done? |
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms7.3.1 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
Y? |
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
74 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
71-75 |
done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
done-Catherine |
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
not yet |
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
87-90 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 57-8 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
18 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
357 |
Y |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
76? |
Y-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
47, 49, 74 |
Done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
128 |
Done-Emily |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
3 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
50, 80, 204 |
Done-Dan |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
51-52 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
105-120 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
304 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
287 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
Done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
388 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
9 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no |
|
61-3 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
72 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
274 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
44-5 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
58 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
99 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
done |
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
98 |
done-Hannah |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
done-Hannah w Dhurga) |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
24-25 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
Done-Austin |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
done-Jessica |
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
Done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
110 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
Y-Claire |
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
32 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
92 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
34 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
30-33 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
50 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
161 |
done |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
30 |
done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
82-100 |
done-Dan |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
Done-Claire |
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
33 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
138 |
Done- |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
done |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
26 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
246 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 104 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
49 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
44 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
41 |
Done-Amalia |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
m286 |
done |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
Y2 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
done |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
81 |
|
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
Y2 |
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:349 |
Daniel Smith |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
Patience Epps |
|
|
|
