Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)

Category
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity
Notes

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Luiseño
Serrano
Kitanemuk
Kawaiisu
Timbisha
Western Mono
Chemehuevi
Southern Paiute
Southern Ute
Shoshone
Comanche
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute
Gabrielino
Achagua no info Wilson & Levinsohn 1992
Resígaro no Demonstratives carry other affixes, but these are dependent on they noun they modify. Allin, 1976: 199
Bare yes Aikhenvald, 1995: 23
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 186
Yukuna no info Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech. Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Yavitero yes Visbility: The farthest degree of distance distinguishes between items that are visible and those that are not visible. Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49
Wapishana no Santos 2006:188
Wayuu no Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798
Tariana yes There is also an "emphatic" demonstrative, used to indicate "this very one." Aikhenvald, 2003: 206
Apurinã no The demonstratives also inflect for gender. Facundes, 2000: 355-357
Asheninka Apurucayali yes gender Mihas 2010:174
Maipure no info Zamponi 2003:22
Yanesha' no Duff-Tripp 1997:53
Kinikinau no info
Baure yes "In the singular all demonstratives are distinguished for gender, just like personal pronouns." Danielsen 2007: p311
Nanti no Michael, 2008. p. 304-305
Paresi no Rowan 1978:xiii
Palikur yes Green and Green 1972:63
Yine yes distant, not seen Matteson 1965
Añun no Patte 1989:55
Bora no Seifart - 2005:126
Makiritare no Hall 1988: 283
Makushi yes time, location Carson 1982:113
Eñepa yes Visibility vs non-visibility is a contrast only for the distal demonstrative "that" Tosantos 1977:20; Payne 2012:88-89
Pemon no de Armellada 1999: 62
Guna no Smith texts
Naso yes non-visible (far, farthest) Quesada 2000
Ika yes Pronouns are distinguished between deictic and anaphoric Frank 1985:35
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí yes There is a two-way contrast for "not perceptible things". This seems to be a visibility contrast Quesada 2008:75
Damana yes relative position system--> interiority, exteriority, verticality, horizontality, proximity
Sikuani no de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Macaguan no info Buenaventura - 1993
Aguaruna no Overall 2007:157-9
Northern Emberá no Aguirre 1999:78-9 Chamí
Waorani no info
Ingá no Levinson 1974:13
Matses no Fleck:258-262
Mapudungun no Zúñiga 2006, p, 92
Páez no info Rojas:197-8
Quechua Ayacuchano no Parker 1965:36
Tikuna yes Animacy and "caducy" (not longer having that property (?) ) are distinguished in demonstratives Montes 2004:164
Urarina no Olawsky:216
Waunana no info
Andoke yes Landaburu 1979: 135
Puinave yes distance contrast also includes visibility Giron 2008: p175
Central Aymara yes Huayhua Pari 2001: 205
Kakua no Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang no Goncalves 2011
Minica Witoto yes The third distance contrast indicates that the referent is out of view but remains audible. Minor and Minor 1982. p.94
Hup yes other' Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect no Weir 1984
Dâw no Martins 2004
Desano yes for inanimate demonstrative pronouns- thing vs location Miller 1999, p. 31
Cubeo no Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 83
Kotiria no Stenzel 2004, p. 184
Makuna no Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993, p.32
Barasano no Jones & Jones 1991, p.32-33
Tanimuca no Strom 1992, p.51
Siona no Wheeler - 1987:134, 136
Tukano yes visibility, time (if thing in question was in past) West and Welch 2004: 98-99
Yanomami yes visibility Ramirez 1994: 210
Ninam no Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57
Sanumá no Borgman 1990: p.151
Surui yes There are two context-related demonstratives: é- "this/that (reference to inmediate context) and i- "it" (reference to wider context which may be non-linguistic) Van der Meer (?):13
Karitiana yes Visibility and physical contact are distinguished in demonstratives Everett 2006:313-15
Nheengatu no Cruz 2011:146
Paraguayan Guaraní yes visibility and distance from the speaker and the from the hearer are other factors in guarani demonstratives Ayala 1996:29-31
Aché no info
Kokama no Vallejos 2010:214
Nyangumarta no 0
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no 0
Bunuba no 0
Walmajarri no info x
Nyulnyul no 0
Warrwa no 0
Worrorra yes 56 1
Garrwa yes fpro15 1
Gooniyandi no 0
Warlpiri yes n34 1
Bardi no 0
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta maybe 75 1
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi yes 71-73 1
Yidiny yes 1
Yanyuwa yes 7 1
Yandruwandha no info x
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga no 0
Woiwurrung no info x
Wirangu No 88 0
Wemba-Wemba yes H 39 1
Warumungu No 32 0
Wangkumara no info X
Uradhi No 357 0
Paakantyi no 0
Pitta-Pitta No 193 0
Pintupi no info x
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no 72-73 0
Ngiyambaa yes 135 1
Ngayawang No 11 0
Muruwari no info x
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 53-54 0
Martuthunira yes 112 1
Marrgany Maybe 305 1
Kuuk Thaayorre No 255 0
Kuku Yalanji no 0
Kugu-Nganhcara yes 395 1
Kaurna No 9 0
Kalkatungu no 34 0
Jaru no 61, 75 0
Guugu-Yimidhirr No 72 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr yes 324 1
Gugu-Badhun no 0
Yuwaalaraay Maybe 89 1
Dyirbal yes 46-48 1
Duungidjawu no 56 0
Djinang No 38 0
Djabugay
Diyari no 0
Dharuk
Dharawal no info x
Darkinyung no 24 0
Bularnu no 0
Biri no info x
Bidjara-Gungabula no info x
Batyala no info x
Arabana no 0
Alyawarr no 0
Nyikina no 0
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija No 31 0
Wathawurrung no 144 0
Mathi-Mathi no 92 0
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie no 35 0
Thanggati no 30-34 0
Katthang no info 50 x
Panyjima yes 1
Ngarinyeri No 30 0
Kurrama yes 92 1
Yingkarta no 0
Githabul yes 17 1
Gunya No 305 0
Kunjen No 49 0
WesternTorres yes FO 137 1
Wakaya no 0
Yindjilindji no 0
Bandjalang yes 70 1
Ngaatjatjara No 25 0
Arrernte Yes 90 1
Kokatha Yes 50, 60 1
Karajarri No 252 0
Pitjantjatjara Yes G 104 1
Ritharrngu Yes 50 1
Warrgamay No 44 0
Warluwarra no 879 0
Warnman No 40 0
Djapu yes 2 1
Bilinarra no 4.2 0
Wiradjuri no info x
Aghu-Tharnggala No info 67 x
Narungga No info x
Tharrkari No 16 0
Wajarri No 81 0
Warungu no 173 0
Adnyamathanha
Yagua no Payne and Payne 1990
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001