Reflexive pronouns

Category
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories
Notes
e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Luiseño
Serrano
Kitanemuk
Kawaiisu
Timbisha
Western Mono
Chemehuevi
Southern Paiute
Southern Ute
Shoshone
Comanche
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute
Gabrielino
Achagua no The pronouns can be intensified using -naa (nuyánaa: I, myself) Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 25
Resígaro no Allin, 1976: 176-177
Bare no info There is no evidence of reflexive pronouns in the section on reflexivity on pgs. 38-39 Aikhenvald, 1995
Piapoco yes The "middle voice" marker is attached to personal cross-referencing prefixes in true reflexive constructions. Galindo, 2002: 259-261
Yukuna yes They are formed using regular pronoun and common element. Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 297
Yavitero no Mosonyi identifies "reflexive" pronouns on page 41, but these seem to be emphatic possessive prefixes ('his own.') Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69
Wapishana no Santos 2006:185
Wayuu no info
Tariana no There is one morpheme that marks intransitivization, but reflexive interpretation is only found with three verbs. Aikhenvald, 2003: 177, 266-267
Apurinã no Facundes, 2000: 510
Asheninka Apurucayali no Only reflexive affixes. Payne 1981:32
Maipure no Zamponi 2003:21-35
Yanesha' no Regular object pronouns are used Duff-Tripp 199781, :61-8
Kinikinau no info
Baure no Danielsen 2007: p262
Nanti yes The verbal person markers + -kiro are used to make reflexive pronouns. They don't have plural forms and can be in either topic or argument position. Michael, 2008. p. 377
Paresi no info Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010
Palikur no does not seem likely Launey 2003
Yine no info Matteson 1965
Añun no Patte 1989
Bora no Use verbal affix instead. Seifart - 2005: 59
Makiritare no Hall 1988: 282
Makushi yes Abbott 1991: 37, 85 "expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix"- Ex S on 85 shows a pre-position refl marker
Eñepa no Based on examples Thomas Payne 1989:40
Pemon yes is this really a pronoun (like 'himself') or a reflexive marker? If it's a PN, is te used for all persons as a kind of generic pronoun? de Armellada 1999: 35 This is actually a prefix, but my source calls it a pronoun.
Guna no a coreferential na particle appears before noun/pronoun Smith texts
Naso yes 1 reflexive pronoun Quesada 2000
Ika no However, the adjective kingui "same" is used after the subject to indicate reflexivity. This can be used with subject pronouns too. Frank ?:25
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí yes The suffix /-ara/ is added to the personal pronouns to form the corresponding reflexive pronoun. Alphonse 1956:9
Damana no data in spanish translates reflexives (i.e. se rie), but the Damana data doesn't seem to bear this out --> probably not direct translation
Sikuani no only an affix is used de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:206
Macaguan no there exists only a reflexive verbal prefix Buenaventura - 1993:45
Aguaruna no info Overall 2007:154-61, 311-13 more likely no
Northern Emberá no info
Waorani no info
Ingá no info depending on the context, can be an infix [-ri-] or [-ra-] (noted in data)
Matses no Fleck:240-1
Mapudungun no Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9
Páez no info
Quechua Ayacuchano no It seems that reflexive sentences are formed by not adding a object marker in the verb and the addition of the reflexive suffix. Perroud 1972:116
Tikuna yes These are formed out of a pronoun plus a reflexive suffix /-gɨ/ on the pronoun Montes 2004b:54
Urarina no Olawsky:213
Waunana no There are possessives and allatives pronouns but there are not reflexive pronouns Mejía 2000:90
Andoke no Landaburu 1979: 167
Puinave no double person marker preceding the definite verb Giron 2008: p231
Central Aymara no Gomez 1992: 71, 72 There is instead a verbal suffix that indicates that the action is reflexive
Kakua yes Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang no info Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011
Minica Witoto no The passive impersonal, or passive reflexive, may be indicated by certain suffixes. (chapter 18) Minor and Minor 1982. p.10, 87 There are six classes of pronouns in huitoto: the personal, the indefinite ones, the possessive ones, the demonstrativos, relative and the interrogatory ones.
Hup no Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect no verbal prefix Weir 1984:107
Dâw yes Martins 2004
Desano yes formed by adding 'basi' self to personal pronouns Miller 1999, p. 30
Cubeo yes formed by the possive adjective follwed by the word "baxu" Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 81
Kotiria no info Stenzel 2004
Makuna yes Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 Macuna contains personal, interogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and reflexive pronouns.
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993 31-33
Barasano yes Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding bãsu 'self' to the personal pronouns Jones & Jones 1991, p.31
Tanimuca no The only overt method to express a reflexive is to use poʔia 'body' as the object. Strom 1992, p.133 Overtyly marked reflexives are rare in Retuarã. Instead, when the subject receives he action of a verb that could be transitive, the absence of an object noun phrase makes the reflexive implicit.
Siona no Wheeler - 1987:141-142
Tukano yes reflexive pronoun basi/basu Ramirez 1997: 250
Yanomami no Ramirez 1994: 101-105, 209-222 no mention of reflexive pronoun in discussion
Ninam no Goodwin-Gomez, p.47
Sanumá no Borgman 1990, p.43-44
Surui no Van der Meer (?):2
Karitiana no Based mainly on examples. It seems that reflexive verbs take the intrasive marker /-ɨ/ and the object marker in the verb is refers to the same person as the subject Everett 2006:448
Nheengatu no reflexive prefix on verb Cruz 2011:294
Paraguayan Guaraní yes Ayala 1996:134-5
Aché no info
Kokama no Vallejos 2010:201-213
Nyangumarta yes 1
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no 0
Bunuba no 0
Walmajarri no 0
Nyulnyul no 0
Warrwa no 0
Worrorra no ms7, 105-6 0
Garrwa yes 61-2c 1
Gooniyandi no 0
Warlpiri no s163-4 0
Bardi yes 1
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta no 73 0
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi yes 78 1
Yidiny no 0
Yanyuwa no 123 0
Yandruwandha no 64-5 0
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga no 13 0
Woiwurrung no 70 0
Wirangu yes 110-111 1
Wemba-Wemba no H 47 0
Warumungu yes 28 1
Wangkumara no info X
Uradhi Yes 374 1
Paakantyi no 0
Pitta-Pitta No 206 0
Pintupi yes 120-121 1
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no 0
Ngiyambaa no 123, 126 0
Ngayawang No 14 0
Muruwari no 150, 190-2 0
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 53-54 0
Martuthunira no cf (10.60), 256 0
Marrgany No 303 0
Kuuk Thaayorre Yes 88 1
Kuku Yalanji no 0
Kugu-Nganhcara No 398 0
Kaurna yes 10 1
Kalkatungu no 86-7 0
Jaru no 0
Guugu-Yimidhirr No 96 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr no 345 0
Gugu-Badhun no 0
Yuwaalaraay No 83 0
Dyirbal No 89-91 0
Duungidjawu no 87 0
Djinang No 147 0
Djabugay
Diyari no info x
Dharuk
Dharawal no info x
Darkinyung maybe 37 1
Bularnu yes 49 1
Biri no info x
Bidjara-Gungabula yes 106, 127 1
Batyala no info x
Arabana no 116 0
Alyawarr no 0
Nyikina no 0
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija No 20 0
Wathawurrung no 82 0
Mathi-Mathi no 99 0
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie no 81 0
Thanggati no 52-3 0
Katthang no 83 0
Panyjima no 160 0
Ngarinyeri yes 29 1
Kurrama no info cf 223 x
Yingkarta yes 1
Githabul yes 15 1
Gunya No 304 0
Kunjen yes 93 1
WesternTorres no? K85b 63 0
Wakaya yes 103 1
Yindjilindji yes 1
Bandjalang No 78 0
Ngaatjatjara yes 61 1
Arrernte No 208 0
Kokatha No 48 0
Karajarri No 234 0
Pitjantjatjara Yes G 126 1
Ritharrngu No 62 0
Warrgamay No 75 0
Warluwarra yes 867 1
Warnman No 37 0
Djapu yes 54 1
Bilinarra no 0
Wiradjuri no info x
Aghu-Tharnggala No 80 0
Narungga No info x
Tharrkari No info 36 x
Wajarri Yes 81 1
Warungu yes? 521 1
Adnyamathanha
Yagua no a coreferential person marker on verb Payne and Payne 1990:275
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001