| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 62 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
The discussion of classifiers does not make this distinction, nor is it found under the discussion of a "limiter" tagmeme. |
Allin, 1976: 153-163, 225-227 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 92-95 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
There are markers on the possessed noun that may be acting like classifiers? These occur on the head noun when it's possessed. -te marks animate nouns, and -ne and -re mark inanimates. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
There are classifiers for both possessed and unpossessed; the function appears mostly to help semantically. |
Santos, 2006: 121 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
n/a |
No classifiers. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
In possessive NPs, classifiers can attach to the possessive marker and characterize the possessed noun. However, these are not distinct from noun classifiers. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 87 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Facundes notes that possessive markers on alienably possessed nouns could be analyzed as genitive classifiers, but doesn't push this analysis, seemingly on the basis that the various markers do not have semantic content. |
Facundes, 2000: 232-233 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:4953 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:253-67 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 332-338 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:197-198 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 292 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 56-58 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2000:127 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:39-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:72-5 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
personal, consanguinity |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 1998:42 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura 1993:50 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:79-80 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:57-60 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: 182-185 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
classification seems very unlikely |
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.41-44 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
alienable constructions only |
Weir 1984:85 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
the poss. Marker is a genitive that can also attach to pronouns. -ɛ̃̀ɟ (suffix) |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
The possessive pronouns are the same as the other personal pronouns in Desano. |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 82 |
|
When the possessed item is animate, this agreeing suffix is one of the gender/number suffixes; Similarly, with inanimate objects. |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
the classifers used in the examples are the same classifiers used when the noun is not possessed |
Stenzel 2004, p. 195 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.62 |
|
For inanimate possessed elements, a classifier suffix is used. The possessor is generally a personal pronoun. The phrases so formed refer back to some previously-mentioned animate, possessed beings |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The case marker -rika 'possessive' comes from the verb rika 'to have' and marks a normally human noun phrase as a possessor or owner. |
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
The possessive case marker agrees in gender and number with the possessed object. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:78 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
there is no evidence for special forms for possession |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 184-189 |
|
no evidence for these |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
goodwin-Gomez, p. 52-53 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
N/A |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
85 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
N/A |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
N/A |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
N/A |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
N/A |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
