| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
unpossessed affix for inalienable nouns, alienable nouns can take a derivational affix to become inalienable |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
From the examples, it seems as though possession of an inalienable noun is indicated simply by the use of another preposed nominal. |
Allin, 1976: 169-175 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Unpossessed inalienable nouns have suffix, alienables are unmarked |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 93-95, 343 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:99 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Obligatorily possessed nouns cannot be used without a cross-referencing prefix, although this is the same set of cross-referencing prefixes that are used for optionally (alienably) possessed nouns. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 127-128 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Unpossessed inalienable nouns require the "unposession" marker -txi, but no marking necessary to occur in possessed form. |
Facundes, 2000: 152 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
They both take morphological marking. A possessed (alienable) noun with no person prefix must have a non-possessive suffix . A possessed (inalianable) noun with a possessive suffix must have a person prefix. |
Payne 1981:4953 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
same set of agreement prefixes on active verbs |
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
Inalienabl and alienable possession are marked but they may differ in the strategy used |
Duff-Tripp 1997:33-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Inalienable nouns show three different forms: non-possessed, possessed non-specific and possessed specific. |
Souza 2008:74 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p118 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Inalienable nouns must always occur with a possessive prefix. |
Michael, 2008. p. 298 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
no difference, alianable may or may not be marked with same person prefixes |
Patte 1989:53 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:64 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 288-289 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
"The possession suffix must occur on alienably posessed items…. The inalienably possessed item never, except in past possession, occurs with the posession suffix, but only with the possessor prefix." The possessor prefix is a pronominal form. |
Abbott 1991: 85 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
inalianable possessed nouns take person prefixes and possessive suffixes |
Payne 2012:74-80 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:55-7 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
No apparent distinction. |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:79-80 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
This is a nominal suffix which is used for inalienable possession |
Levinson 1976b:54 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
It seems that the "traditional" language had such a distinction but it is being lost at the time |
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
In Loewen (1954:82) it is said that kinship and body-part terms take the "indefinite personal possessor" /-mãʃ/ when they appear without a definite possessor. This suggests that the answr to this question is yes. However, Mejia (2000:90) suggests a no an |
Loewen 1954:82 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
takes person pns |
Landaburu 1979: 132-133 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
Marking of alienable/inalienable nouns is marked with the samse set of prefixes |
Giron 2008: 206 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Goncalves 2011:12 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 90 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
little info apparently there is no inalienable/alienable difference |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 197 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
There is no difference in the marking of possession between alienable/inalienable nouns. |
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
examples are all with pronominal possessors, marked with "referential" (to, of, toward, etc) suffix -re; this strategy can presumably also be used with some alienable relationships, but Ramirez only says that it is used as a marker of possession "especial |
Ramirez 1997: 227-228 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
no marking in existential sentences w/o verb (Pr-Pd), but inalienably possessed is incorporated in sentences involving a verb |
Ramirez 1994: 184-192 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
different markers used for inalienable |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
inalienable possession must have possessive prefix |
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no info |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms13.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
143-147 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
79-80, 118-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no? |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 34 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
197 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
65, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
231 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45, 48 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
308 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
325 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no |
|
194-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
261 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
98-99 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
199 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
138-139; 140 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
30-31 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
95 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
118-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
20-21, 86-87 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
195-196 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
37; cf 35, 2.29 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
308 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
38-39 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 127 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
506 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
150 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
898 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
122-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
4.7.2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
644 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:348 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
