Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

big

Semantic Field
quality
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
grande
Meaning Portuguese
grande

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim mi'-ek 207, ek-kā'-wah 215 loan Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pia (-n) inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla 7amna- inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok 7yT:y-T:i- loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Chemehuevi hoko/ V unknown Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno xax, pl. xaxax (and aug.) B76:264 unknown Ono 1996:152 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno 7inu unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno nox unknown A 16 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno L-'ashi; ch-'ashino/no “es grande”, ch-'ashi 0114R, 0124L unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno xa7ax unknown JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa ptay, pta:y, ptays, 7iny inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche pia inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño 'ay'ani-sh [ɁaiɁanɪʃ] unknown Jane Hill
Esselen putu/-ki, unknown Shaul 1995:199 Jane Hill
Gabrielino yo7oyt inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa 'iikuu [Ɂiˑˈkuˑ˅] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu 7i-vojo unknown Jane Hill
Kiliwa 7-tay inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk 7aty7a inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok 7a/de loan Jane Hill
Luiseño yo-t inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu tete/ unknown Jane Hill
Mojave valytay=m, valytee=k inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun watreSYte “large”, wetreSYmin unknown O77:88,255 Jane Hill
Nisenan muk' unknown Jane Hill
Northern Paiute paba inheritance Thornes 03:75 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok 7yt:y- loan into protolanguage Jane Hill
Plains Miwok teme-, tem:e- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A (k)etca:/7 (A), , (k)etca/7ate/n unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M (k)etcHa:/' 'large, great' unknown Mason 1918:149 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) caacoj unknown Jane Hill
Serrano atiY7a7, atY7a7 Y is retro y inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute pia- main, big inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7oja-:ni unknown Jane Hill
Southern Ute avatY(-), aavAtY- inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal ekeewa-n loan Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone pia inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo tu/ch'a (also “old”), singular ch is c hachek loan Jane Hill
Washo i/:yel unknown J373 Jane Hill
Western Mono paba/-tU, papaaba/-tU inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu qom inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai te/(:) “big, many, much” (a suffix), vte/, kvte/: inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami nema7 unique JPH Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi meTH inheritance K07:244, G64 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne may'e:k/ “big, big one” inheritance K 1963 Jane Hill
Yuki ho:T inheritance S&S1984 Jane Hill
Yuma *vata/y “to be big” H1:26 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa maka- maka- unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Cubeo ʉraco (f.), ʉracʉ (m.), ʉrarõ(inan.). ɨrako (f.), ɨrakɨ (m.), ɨrarõ(inan.). unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw pêg, pôòg peg (pôg) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano wʉarí wɨarí doubtful loan, direction unknown Arawak: Achagua wé:ri See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa tosen-pe; tosan-pe tosen-pe; tosan-pe unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï u'li unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani ye; ñaena unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup pǒg pǒg inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua bɨdǐ- [be.big] unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi kureʔne (IDS) kureʔne (IDS) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu açu asu inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam pata; le, pata (animate, EM72), reo (big, EM72) pata; le, pata, ɾeo inheritance le, pata (animate, EM72), reo (big, EM72) See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak niʔ4 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki jai xai inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon tanno (A1981); tanno (M2000) tano (A1981) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá pata (animate, EM72), peepə (EM72) pata, peepə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani boü (2) bóɨ, ajái-hawa (piníhi-hawa 'cosa grande, mucho' - 'large thing, much') doubtful loan Piaroa buo, buɣ See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana hanúite hanúite inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano pacasé pakasé inheritance See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria bʉhu; phi bʉhu; pʰíí unknown See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam pata (animate), prewə pata, pɾewə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami pata (animate), prewə pata, pɾewə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna ñópo'ojlo ɲópoʔohlo unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup pog pog inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana katjiwiRi unique Claire Bowern
Bardi burdij, irrgadarr burdij, irrkadarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba nyarna inheritance Claire Bowern
Burarra wana unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu bathala unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal ḏumurr(u) Claire Bowern
Dhuwala dhamburru inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari pirna inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU katiwiri loan Arabana Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu 1440 unknown Claire Bowern
Djapu ḏumurr(u) inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang maṉmiḻing unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng ngerrgebiyab Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi nyamarni inheritance Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu dhamburru inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji jangkarni unique Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr bindany bindany inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru bili semantic shift Claire Bowern
Jawi errgoodarra [irrgudarra] irrkudarra inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri wurtu inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija nawarra unique NJ Claire Bowern
Malyangapa parooro inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala marraly unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung ngerregoowoong unique NJ Claire Bowern
Mithaka pirna inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra dija Claire Bowern
Mudburra dija unique Claire Bowern
Ngamini pirna inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi dharpal unique Claire Bowern
Ngarluma mirrga Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl weedoo <weedoo> doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi pirna inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru budu budu inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla purlka Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta wirtu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta 4407 inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina buju XXngl big, all gone buju doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul birndany, wurrunbardangk birndany, wurrunbardangk inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi wertoo Claire Bowern
Pirriya walku unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta mangkurra inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu wakin Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu dharpal loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri purlka inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru wima inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa gwiina kwiina unknown Claire Bowern
Wubuy runggal unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu yindi inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha pirna inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi pina inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka pirna inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru wirdu wirdu doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Achagua wé:ri wé:ri doubtful loan, direction unknown Desano wɨarí See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco manuíri manuíɾi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari manuʔú manuʔú See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero iľ̥uwaľi-hi iľ̥uwaľi-hi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana ɨdarɨ; tɨbarɨ ɨdarɨ; tɨbarɨ inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu mɨľeu See Language page PLE
Paresi kalore kalore unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano ičape; ičape-puʔi See Language page PLE
Trinitario ʔčope-riʔi See Language page PLE
Baure čo- tʃo- inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá weke; au; ki-kĩyãkã weke; au; ki-kĩjãkã unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani kwaya kwaya See Language page John Blaha
Sape konən konən See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'ʔaa-; 'ʔaa-wa See Language page PLE Also 'pu-lʸa, greater than, surpassing; also means 'log'.
Bora mithya-(ne), čiya-, kʰemï- mitʰʸa-(nɛ), tʃija-, kʰɛmɯ- inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane mítya-no, gíráa-no, kééɸi-no bókkɨ-no, kóyɨ-no, tʸɨ́gaba mítʲa-no, gíráa-no, kέέɸi-no bókkɨ-no, kójɨ-no, tʲɨ́gaba See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio egee ɛge unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect ɛke ɛke See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai eeryhpo, imo, inũme,konõto, zumo eerɨhpo, imo, inũme,konõto, zumo unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana pepta pepta unique See Language page PLE
Tiriyó mono_me mono.me unique See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare nuwe (IDS); adai'hö (KH) (means 'big', 'large' and 'wide') nuwe (IDS); adaiʔhə (KH) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo ko'mano ko'mano See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai Φorinme; Φorin Φorinme; Φorin unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari tah tah See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana ta'potoi See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa sorpe pʂki'to (human) See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo tsekegï tsekegɨ unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca cuhuma kuhuma See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí aabii See Language page PLE Colombia: ʔa'birə. *Chibchan form is *ta'ĩ.
Northern Emberá oaibʉ́a oaibʉ́a See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena (ne-)'čoma See Language page PLE Lit. '(gen.-) big'. Also wai'bɨa 'big, many'.
Guayabero pinhíx-ja [gloss of parts?], 'cosa grande' - 'large thing' inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan pekná pekná inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva pín-jo, pín-wa grande, big Huber & Reed 1992:220 Rebecca Khorram
Playero warabé-wa See Language page Rebecca Khorram
Cofán rande (Spanish loan?), -cco ɾaⁿdɛ, kʰo See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra kapógó kapónkó unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro ho´hua hoʔhua See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez gula gula See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna na2ta2 (A58) nata unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina seuhwa seuhwa unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa bɨts bɨts See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke hʌ́- hʌ́- unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé bũĩdȩ ãnã See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave #NAME? #NAME? doubtful loan Nadahup See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku bote bote See Language page PLE
Warao irira iɾiɾa See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar juun, juunt xu:n, xu:nt See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa uun u:n See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna múun mú:n inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect poŋ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect bog See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses nua nua unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo čaa; ʔɨo See Language page PLE *Panoan *ʔɨwa.
Katukina ani-pa See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo ani; aspa; oe See Language page PLE Latter is 'huge'.
Yaminahua ɨβapa; -βa See Language page PLE
Chácobo čaʔita-ṣ̌ɨni; -wa čaʔita-ṣ̌ɨni; -wa unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua jami xãmı̃ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua atun atun See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá atun atun See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua jatun xatun See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano hatun, chikachachaq hatun, tʃikatʃatʃaq See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa buo buɔ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva wodi, gode wodi, gode inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Bará pai-'gɨ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano hai-rihaɨ (E), hai-rihɨ; hai-gɨ (H&R) hai-rihaɨ (E), hai-rihɨ; hai-gɨ (H&R) See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana pacarije (to be big - unit), pairique (to be big existence or mass); 'ká-paí (H&R) pakaɾixɛ, paiɾikɛ; 'ká-paí (H&R) See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna hai-rise, kɨ-rise hai-rise, kɨ-rise inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti pai-'gɨ́ pai-'gɨ́ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana pa'hirikirudu pa'hirikirudu See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano wa- wa- See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca hoʔba 'ka hoʔba 'ka unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo ká-pa'í ká-pa'í See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka pai- pai- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ᵽáí ɸáí See Language page Kelsey Neely
Siona hai; ai hai; ai inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya jaiquë hai'kɨ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana tyy tɨɨ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama tua tua inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi taʔɨ-luwã (Lit. 'small-false') taʔɨ-luwã (Lit. 'small-false') unique See Language page PLE
Aché waču inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano gʷasu; tuiča inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní tuiča; ɣʷasu See Language page PLE
Sirionó ekʷasu, eri̯ša ekʷasu, eri̯ša inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá tuwijap tuwijap inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina óóxu, oxííja óóxɯ, oxííha inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto áiǰu.e áidʒu.ɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto áiǰu.e áidʒu.ɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto aiǰu.e aidʒu.ɛ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito umáana; ani-/aniita- show evidence of meaning big diachronically; ihuítani (never occurs without a noun) umáana; ani- unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo k+raka kɨɾaka See Language page Becky Walker
Wari hwaraʔ; horon hwaraʔ; horon See Language page PLE Lit. 'its father' (the big one); 'largeness' is kote ne.
Araona haliǰa See Language page PLE Also -baba, in reference to river, streams, or persons. Cf. 'grandfather 02.460. Also kʷiča-kata; -iyo; bi(y)o. *Tacn forms are *aŕi-da; *aŕi-na-.
Ese Ejja #NAME? unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kia-ʔao kia-ʔao See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana aida; aða; boc̷ama See Language page PLE
Cavineña ari-da; ari-na; ebari ari-da; ari-na; ebari inheritance likely loan into some Panoan lgs See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jach´a xačˀa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava -čeče; tætæ See Language page PLE Cf. 'grandmother'.
Itonama ibɨsča; ukahna; kahanaʔna See Language page PLE Also matˀohke; pasimatˀo.
Kwazá nỹ-, txi- (the latter is more emphasized - very big ) nỹ-, txi- (the latter is more emphasized - very big ) See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'dersi See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima mereʔe mereʔe See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai daii daii unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang ehe mag ehe; ɛhɛ; məŋ; maŋ See Language page PLE
Canela iʔ-tɨk See Language page PLE *Jê form is *tɨk.
Suyá čí čí See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá təbɨhɨkɨ̃ See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi txitxi tʃitʃi See Language page PLE
Chipaya paḳʰi; nuk-ta See Language page PLE Also čakxʷa. To enlarge is tʰaḳ-š; txʷaḳ-š.
Mocoví lo See Language page PLE
Pilagá ʔamaḳtaḳ; le-'tʔad-aik See Language page PLE The latter is '3pp-big-masc.adj'.
Toba ʔamaḳtaḳ See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité awanhi; akyawaia See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet akyeweyˀ; akmelayˀ; akyaʔyeem See Language page PLE Also ayeeɬahaykamˀ.
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay wehʷ See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja wux See Language page PLE
Maca ḳi See Language page PLE Refers to non-countable items; see 13.150.
Nivaclé ux; kaxu large, big; large, big https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo ke'ruu-i; ke'ruu-a See Language page PLE See 03.760, 08.540. Also e'n̥umee-i; e'n̥umee, see 05.123.
Mapudungun fɨta See Language page PLE Ranquel form is pɨṭ͡ʀɨ.
Qawasqar erlay See Language page PLE Also Ag, Em record arakstawar. Bo records akwel for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record okwel for South QWS.
Selknam àṣ-čou; unker See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'čˀay- See Language page PLE
Lokono firon ɸiɾon big Pet 1987:351 Camille Unger
Kariña poto poto greatness, bigness Courtz 2007:351 Camille Unger