Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

hit

Semantic Field
impact
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
golpear, pegar
Meaning Portuguese
bater

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone -tokoh "punch, push" inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla -pux (see also -vuk-) inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok To/k-la inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi kwipa/ “hit, fall, sting” inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno tak-til unknown Ono 1996:31 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno pikna JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno wyp beat w/ stick loan A 288 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno qipi “golpear”, mypy “pegale!” 0074L, pe7 “pegar” 0104R unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno wyp “hit with stick” loan JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa 7u:xa/m (w/ long object), cu (w/ thrown or held object), 7u:xwa/sh (with whip), sTu (with fist), ptax (with hand), shuku/p (with knuckles) unknown Jane Hill
Comanche tohpa7ity, tohtsi7ary “hit with fist” inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño paq-in [paqin] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen -sma unknown Shaul 1995:215 Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa wetoo, chetoo. Shuutoo [wəˈt̯ɔˑ], [ʧəˈt̯ɔˑ], [şuˑ˅ˈt̯ɔˑ] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu taja-kwee- unknown Jane Hill
Kiliwa h-chi7, h-chi-t-u “golpear” unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk pi7, inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok pa/ka loan Jane Hill
Luiseño kopa~i- unknown Jane Hill
Maidu wo/dato inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave a'an= (with stick, etc., not hand), aarem= (slingshot), atav= (strike, as fire, w/ hammer), chaqam= (fight), chu'an=(w open hand), ta'an=,(w something crooked like hoe), tacher= (against a hard object) unknown Jane Hill
Mutsun haTTahne “was hit” inheritance O77:81, 211 Jane Hill
Nisenan w2 inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute kwiba “strike” inheritance Thornes 03:170 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok Tokla- (w/ fist) inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok nokca-, inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A *(p)T'ika:/l (A) “strike, beat”; unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M *cme:'L 'beat, strike' unknown Mason 1918:139 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) cnip (with hand) unknown Jane Hill
Serrano wYqO:v “hit” inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute qwip:a- hit, strike, throw” inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok To:p- (w/ fist) inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute kUpa, kwipA, inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal paa7kin-at inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone -tykwan inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo 7ohwa/Thihsi7 “hit or strike once” unknown Jane Hill
Washo a/:m unknown J332 Jane Hill
Western Mono tabi- “to strike” inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu qota loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Yavapai pe/qi, 7a/vi unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi kHo7o inheritance K07:249; G64 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne *woTHo “hit w/ club” inheritance N1944:138, G1964 Jane Hill
Yuki taNl “win, beat” unknown K1911:Voc Jane Hill
Yuma a:qwe/t “beat, strike w/ stick” H4:28 unknown Jane Hill
Baniwa ñaa ɲaa inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona ihahakətə inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo boayʉ́; jãðoðovañʉ; jãðoñʉ; jaraboayʉ; jarapeyʉ; jarapopeyʉ; pẽvavañʉ; totayʉ boajɨ́; xãðoðovajɨ; xãðojɨ; xaɾaboajɨ; xaɾapejɨ; xaɾapopejɨ; pẽvavajɨ; totajɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw ũùm ʔũ̂m inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano paa-ri paa-ɾi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa -ɨpuʔmo- (IDS) -ɨpuʔmo- (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ʰwau unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani tei tei pã unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup m’æh- ~b’æh- unique See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua maw, pêwʔ [hit.against something] unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi paʔtɨ (IDS) paʔtɨ (IDS) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu peteka, tuká, nupá peteka, tuká, nupá inheritance likely loan Nheengatu > Warekena (Arawak) peta (other N Arawak forms distinct) See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam šə, šɨ (EM72) ʃə, ʃɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak baak2 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki baiyi baiji inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon kitama (A1981); ikita'ma (M2000) kitama (A1981) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá tsə (EM72) tsə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani amoneyaba (3), bia (1), mataba (2), matatafataraba (3)(hit on the head) amonéyaba, bía, bia, kónita (kuánita, tsakíta, táubabia, matababa 'para que entre, como una puntilla' - 'cause to go in, as a nail') inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana yã, ñá jã, ñá inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano paâ, kẽê paâ, kẽê inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ~kha kʰã inheritance Branch 2, E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam šə ʃə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami shë-aɨ ʃə-aɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna ña'akaje ɲaʔakahe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup ʔũb ~ʔub inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana palka-palka- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi -ngayidima- -ngayidima- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba duwa- unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra bu inheritance Yolngu Claire Bowern
Dhangu buma inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwal wut Claire Bowern
Dhuwala ḏar' unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari dandata inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU dandata inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu buma Claire Bowern
Djapu wut unknown Claire Bowern
Djinang baḏirdjigi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng deb unique NJ Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi gard- unique Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu ḏar' unknown Claire Bowern
Gurindji pa- inheritance Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr barbar kangaw XXngl glossed as cut, with ? barbar kangaw XXngl klossed as cud, widh ? inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru bu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Jawi -ngayidima- [nungajedima] -ngayidima- [nungayedima] inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri jinkanpa (1) inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija tawarr unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mangala pungarri (2) inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung theb unique NJ Claire Bowern
Mithaka panrri inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra luwa Claire Bowern
Mudburra ba- inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngamini pardapardapayi inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi bu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma batha-rrgu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl nalma indalm nowloo <nalma indalm nowloo> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi ngapa unique Claire Bowern
Nimanburru -dam- [ma-daman] -dam- [ma-daman] inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta wanguna- (V2) unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta wilana- (V2) Claire Bowern
Nyikina -alka- (I) -alka- (I) inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul -dam- [ma-daman; ma'daman] XXgl to take aim, to hit, to aim at, beat -dam- [ma-daman; ma'daman] XXkl do dake ayim, do hid, do ayim ad, bead inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi bulda-bulda- unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya palaanha unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta pithi inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu ḻiyun Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu bu inheritance Claire Bowern
Walmajarri pu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru pirta- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy wu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu buma inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha parndri, parndripada inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi pundi- inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka pandriri inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru dudyul + dujul + unknown Claire Bowern
Achagua inúa, bása-eʒi inúa, bása-eʒi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco núaca núaka See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari uka:ka uka:ka See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero má, jújuta má, húhuta See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare watyuka watjuka See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana ʐuitʃ ʐuitʃ unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu ayata See Language page PLE
Paresi mokotya mokotya inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano -'eʔameka See Language page PLE Also -'eʔahirika; -'eʔakereka.
Trinitario eʔo; estako See Language page PLE
Baure nesta'kaβiyar nesta'kaβijar unique See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá maitʸa; tau-ta maitʸa; tau-ta inheritance; unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa 'wii-nu; 'wi'lʸi-nu See Language page PLE Also 'wilʸi-'wilʸi-'ke-nu, to hit repeatedly. Also 'kaiʔ-nu; and 'c̷uʔ-nu, to poke with a stick.
Bora íčaáyo íčaájo inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane ídʒáyu-ʔi, gáβíríku-ʔi, gánɨɨkɨ-ʔi, gáɸúúβe-ʔi (ref) ídʒáju-ʔi, gáβíríku-ʔi, gánɨɨkɨ-ʔi, gáɸúúβɛ-ʔi (rɛf) See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio iiwono iwono inheritance; unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect apiʃi, aʔʃi apiʃi, aʔʃi See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai ipipohnõko ipipohnõko inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana uhmo-uhmo uhmo-uhmo inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó taaka (to hit something hard, like bone) taaka unique See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare -aiʔhuka-dɨ (IDS) -aiʔhuka-dɨ (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo wawë wawɛ See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai w-etaΦa-∅ w-etaΦa-∅ unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yabarana ehnɜ ʝa'ta:paɾi See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa jünkacha, kichkoyuna, kuyúbira, maipo, matape, osikosa, sebo, sökocha, tichoka, tinkrucha, tésispa, urutka, yipsuraka, yubu, yúbura, yúkachara See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Muisca ys bgyisuca ɨs βγɨisuka See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí dõõ; buukši (?) See Language page PLE Colombia: də'kaynə.
Northern Emberá karái, boropéi, booro-péi karái, boropéi, boːro-péi See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena wɨ- See Language page PLE
Guayabero ba (ref. to 'kill' - pa - sing. subject and object) inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan unkuír (imp) unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva ba, matabóba golpear, hit Huber & Reed 1992:352 Rebecca Khorram
Playero néhewa-tu, kúenta ('golpear (con palo)', hit (with a stick), akibabáne 'golpeando' - 'hitting' See Language page Rebecca Khorram
Cofán tssaiye tshaije See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra pzkómaama pʂkómaama unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro a'cu'cuene aʔkuʔkɨnɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez pecue pekue See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna nidagü (he hit me) nidagɨ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina tõito tõito unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa xuénanana, xáxantɕetana xuénanana, xáxantɕetana See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke buʌ buʌ doubtful loan Witotoan See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé bede kʰae-iʊ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave [-pãi] pãi unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Ashuar awátratin, katsúmkatin awatratin, katsumkatin See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa awatasa awatasa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna awatút, íjut awatut, ixut inheritance; unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect a-dɨ:k, dɨ:k, dɨg (Martins, 1999) unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses cues, se, ton kues, se, ton unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo pɨ'ɨ̃ka-ti See Language page PLE tu'uṣ̌ka-ti 'to beat rapidly (e.g. carpinter bird)'; ma'taṣ̌ka-ti 'to hit the head'; čɨ'ɨ-ti 'to pound'.
Katukina rički- See Language page PLE Refers to action when an object is used.
Shipibo-Konibo tima-; čošati See Language page PLE Many examples, depending on part of body affected.
Yaminahua sɨtɨ-kĩ; koša-kĩ See Language page PLE Respectively; 'hit with fist or kick; hit with an object'.
Chácobo čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši čaka-; pɨc̷a-; tooṣ̌-; raši unknown; inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua juvay (person); jupati (inan. Ob.) xu:vaj; xu:pati unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua tulupuna tulupuna See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá makai, takachii makai, takatʃii See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua macana, tacana makana, takana See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano takay (with the hands), waqtay (with a stick) takaj , waqtaj See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa he'a' ca'a' heɁaɁ saɁaɁ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva poajaha poahaʔa unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará 'páa See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano haa- haa- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana 'pá-, bápe- 'pá-, bápe- See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna baje-re (could be a loan from Portuguese); ja-re; roca-re ('to punch in the face') (entire lexical entry is identical with pound/beat) baxe-ɾe; xa-ɾe; ɾoka-ɾe unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti 'páa-, 'dóte- 'páa-, 'dóte- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana kẽ- kẽ- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano do'té-, 'pá- do'té-, 'pá- See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca pahe ri'ka pahe ri'ka unknown See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo 'pá- 'pá- See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka 'páa 'páa See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja kʰɛ̃́ɛ̃̀ ~ páà kʰɛ̃́ɛ̃̀ ~ páà See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje vaimʉ baimʉ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona jë'caji, je'njuji hɨʔkahi, heʔnwhi unknown See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya huaiye waijɛ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana mĩ mĩ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama ayuca ajuka unique See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi -nupã -nupã inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché pačo unique See Language page PLE
Chiriguano nũpa inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ᵐbota See Language page PLE
Sirionó kurukʷa; iruã nua; ukʷa kurukʷa; iruã nua; ukʷa unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá nupã; petek nupã; petek inheritance; inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina aadsí aadzí unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto bu-dá-de bu-dá-dɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto bu-tá-de, ɸa-te bu-tá-dɛ, ɸa-tɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto cuàɨ́; bu-ta-de, ɸaro-de kuàɯ́ (B83); bu-ta-dɛ, ɸaro-dɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito amuuni (also means to kill), amaniquɨɨni (hit with a stick) amuuni (also means to kill), amanikɨɨni (hit with a stick) inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo apinyu apinju See Language page Becky Walker
Wari toʔ toʔ See Language page PLE
Araona iše; lawia See Language page PLE Also kʷisolihi, hit with an instrument/object.
Ese Ejja kʷea-nahe unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo poho-kwe poho-kwe See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana iče-; ðapo-ha See Language page PLE Also paď̶a-.
Cavineña a-ya, miri-ya; taro-; kac̷a-ya a-ya, miri-ya; taro-; kača-ya unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara tojjt´aña liḳˀi-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava βaheda; čɔte; popo See Language page PLE Also pakari; siri. To pound and shell rice is ma'no-taku.
Itonama baʔbahke; čuduʔna See Language page PLE Also ibahne; ikamo, ikamu.
Kwazá haunỹ- (also means stumble ) haunỹ- (also means stumble ) See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'tœhɲe See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Means to hit with ax.
Movima ɓai-na ɓai-na See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Kaingang jẽtẽn, jẽgtẽn mrãn-mrãn; nə e; kã nə e See Language page PLE
Suyá čičík čičík See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá bete; we See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi päpä, tümĩ pǝpǝ, tümĩ See Language page PLE
Chipaya č̣axk-; xʷaxt-š See Language page PLE Respectively: throw and hit with something like a stone; hit with hand or stick.
Mocoví y-owaʁan See Language page PLE
Pilagá yi-ʔwaʁan See Language page PLE
Toba i-waʁan See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité aptikponki; antikponki See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet nentekpoŋaam See Language page PLE Also neŋaʔheeykamˀ; neŋelnaapeeykamˀ.
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay i'lon See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja axaʔ ~ -exeʔ See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE To hit with something.
Nivaclé -pɔkɔx strike (hit, beat) https://ids.clld.org/ PLE With the hand.
Ayoreo u'heeʔ See Language page PLE
Mapudungun kupafɨ See Language page PLE Ranquel forms: wima-; pavo-; kupav-; tu-; poṭ͡ʀikɨnɨ-.
Qawasqar c̷eḳows See Language page PLE Also c̷elayker; c̷eyekar; c̷enak; c̷ektsaar; yerkʰo-lay.
Selknam hà See Language page PLE
Tehuelche '-ah-y-e-; '-ahe- See Language page PLE Respectively: to strike several times; to strike once.
Lokono fatadyn ɸatadɨn hit with hand or fist Pet 1987:360 Camille Unger
Kariña wo wo hit, kill Courtz 2007:427 Camille Unger