Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

kill

Semantic Field
impact
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
matar
Meaning Portuguese
matar

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim mūgut (K1907) inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone paikkah, pekkah (sg obj), inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla -mek-an- inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok jy/n:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi paka/ (sg obj) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno iniwe unknown Mithun 1997:224 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno 7ala-nits'y “lo mato/” unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno siqsa, siksa “matalo!” unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno alwa (kill person), takty “kill animal” unknown JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa nak unknown Jane Hill
Comanche nabehkakyru, pehkarY inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño meq-0 [məq] inheritance Jane Hill
Gabrielino moka inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa aamuch, aawatt [aˑˈmʊʧ],[aˑˈwat] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu paka- SG OB inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa h-nyuu, h-nyuu-t (kill one); tchaw (kill several) unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk myk (singular object) inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ka/tt- unknown Jane Hill
Luiseño moknu- inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu wo/noti inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave tapuy= inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun li:ki “kills” unknown O77:57, 280 Jane Hill
Nisenan wo:nti inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute patsa kill sg. obj inheritance Thornes 03 125 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok jin:a-, jyn:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok he7ta- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A (p)T'eka (A), (p)T'aki (pl) “kill”; loan Jane Hill
Salinan M oko/T'o' unknown Mason 1918:145 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) quicO unknown Jane Hill
Serrano mYkAn (sg obj) inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute paq:a “to kill, to beat” (sing & dual obj); inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok jo:h- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute pAka (sg. object) inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal myyk-at (sg obj) inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone pakkah inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo T'a/-m'i7 unknown E1993 Jane Hill
Washo atg unknown J377 Jane Hill
Western Mono patsa- inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu keruma: (cause to die) inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai ne_hi unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi shox- inheritance K07:246 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne Soxo inheritance Golla 1964:63; Jane Hill
Yuki li7-, le7 inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Yuma tapu/y H5:95 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa -íinoa -íinoa inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona ihɨnəhɨrɨ unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo boarĩ́ jarʉvayʉ: boayʉ́, boarĩ́ jebeyʉ: boayʉ́, boarĩ́ yavayʉ: boayʉ́ boarĩ́ xarɨvajɨ: boajɨ́, boarĩ́ hɛbɛjɨ: boajɨ́, boarĩ́ javajɨ: boajɨ́ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw yũt  jũt unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano wẽjẽri wẽhẽri inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa -uwə- -uwə- inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ʰkʷã lĩlĩ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani wæ̃-dõ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup mæh- ~bæh- semantic shift hit' See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua mâw inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi wɨʔ (IDS) wɨʔ (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu yuká juká inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam šela ʃela inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak mau4 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki mánijoyi (1st person singular) manixoji inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon iiwö (A1981); wö (M2000) iwö (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro kainée-khú, mótshó kainée-kʰú, mótsʰó unknown; doubtful loan Jivaroan, cf. Huambisa ma:tsa See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá nomama nomama inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani beya(2) béya unknown See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana díːnu, dínu díːnu, dínu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano wẽhé (hr) wẽhé (hr) inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ~waha ~wahá (entire word nas.) (stenz) inheritance E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam waika, nomama waika, nomama unknown; inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami šə-ɨ ʃə-ɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna nókaje nókahe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup ʔũb ~ʔub semantic shift See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kumpira-ma- unique Claire Bowern
Bardi -bu- ~ -o- ~ -bi -bu- ~ -o- ~ -bi inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba dangayga- unknown Claire Bowern
Burarra guya rruma unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu boyan inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwal rakunygum Claire Bowern
Dhuwala [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Diyari tankata inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU tankata inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djapu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djinang bu-ngi inheritance Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng deb unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi gard- inheritance Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gurindji tampang pa- loan Jaminjung Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr warndab warndab inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru nag la- loan Claire Bowern
Karajarri [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Kija thet unique Claire Bowern
Malyangapa [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mangala puwa! inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung delwan unique Claire Bowern
Mithaka panrrindadi semantic shift Claire Bowern
Mudburra pa-rru Claire Bowern
Mudburra bak ba- loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini tankana inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi bu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma nyurntika-lku Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl jillellee inma, m?k <jillellee inma, m?k> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla kanti Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta warnti pini- (V3) inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta panipungkanya unknown Claire Bowern
Nyikina mug; -bu-; nyag muk; -bu-; nyak inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul -dam- -dam- inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi buga-ma- unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya [altala] unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta pithi inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu boyan Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu bu inheritance Claire Bowern
Walmajarri pirlakuji- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru pirta- inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa mug muk inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy wu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu ranu unknown Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha parndri, nhadika, parndripandhi, semantic shift Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka tankindri inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru -balu- -balu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua na, -inúa (h&r) na, -inúa (h&r) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco étáidaca, nuáca étáidaka, nuáka See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari nua nua See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero ma ma See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana ẓuwia-n ẓuwia-n unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Yine hiyľata; kama-ka-ta See Language page PLE *Piro-Apuriná form is *'o-ka-ma-.
Paresi atisa atisa unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano -kapa; -kapa-reka See Language page PLE
Trinitario -'kopako See Language page PLE 'To kill' as in war, is -kopahii-koko.
Baure ikomorik- ikomorik- unique See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá a-k-unute-žɨ-ta a-k-unute-žɨ-ta unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani rio (also used for to beat?) ɾio (also used for to beat?) See Language page John Blaha
Sape kaya kaya See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'tuʔ-nu; 'tu'te-nu See Language page PLE Respectively: contracted; full form.
Bora tsɨ́xɨ-βé-tsʰo, čiiʔyánï, ápʰaxʸḯnï, kʷátsʰïʔkʰáo tsɨ́xɨ-βέ-tsʰo, tʃiiʔjánɯ, ápʰaxʲɯ́nɯ, kʷátsʰɯʔkʰáo inheritance; unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane gíxé-βe-su-ʔi, gíxé-nɨ-ʔi, gáikkáau-ʔi gíxέ-βɛ-su-ʔi, gíxέ-nɨ-ʔi, gáikkáau-ʔi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio iiwönö iwönö inheritance see 'hit' See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai owõko owõko inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana wë, uhmopo wǝ, uhmopo inheritance; inheritance see 'hit' See Language page PLE
Tiriyó aawïrï aawɨrɨ inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare aminɲaʔkadɨ (IDS) (Also ema-dɨ); aminña'kadü (KH) aminɲaʔkadɨ unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo wawë-ri wawɛ-ri See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai ∅-wayh-ka-kɨ ∅-wayh-ka-kɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari wuse wuse See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana ja'wari See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa etoka, nechókata ts̺ts̺oka See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo e- e- unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca bgusqua βγuskua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí sobãã See Language page PLE *Chibchan form is *'gua.
Northern Emberá bheái bheái See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena pee- See Language page PLE
Guayabero pa unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan up, upí- up, upí- unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva bexúba matar, kill Huber & Reed 1992:282 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán fi´ttiye fiʔtʰijɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra pachámaana patʃámaana unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez hick hick See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna nanadai (he kills) [2, 3, 5] nanadai, -mã (verbal root) unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina su su unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa xóbana xóbana See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke #NAME? -ʝií- (to kill, make ill) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé ngũnã See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave -ɨi-ək -ɨi-ək unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku šipinu ʃipinu See Language page PLE
Warao n- n- See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar máatin (kill animals), mangkartuatin (kill people) ma:tin, maŋkartuatin See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa maatsa ma:tsa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna máut máut inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect da-jǝ:p 'cause to die' unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses cues kues unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo rɨ-ti See Language page PLE kɨ'ɨ̃ka-ti 'to kill; to knock down a tree'.
Katukina βopi-ma- See Language page PLE Lit. 'die-causative'.
Shipibo-Konibo rɨtɨ-ti See Language page PLE
Yaminahua rɨtɨ-kĩ See Language page PLE
Chácobo kaka-; tɨpas-; a- kaka-; tɨpas-; a- unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua du ndu unique; unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua wañuchina waɲutʃina See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá wañuchii wañutʃii See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua huañuchina waɲuntʃina See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano wañuchiy, sipiy waɲutʃij, sipij See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa kwä'ü iku kuæʔɨ iku unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Bará hĩ'ã́ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~sia-re ~sia-re See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana pajĩãrĩqũẽ, jĩãrĩqũẽ paxĩãɾĩkɛ̃, xĩãɾĩkɛ̃ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~sia-re ~sia-re inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti sĩ'ã́ sĩ'ã́ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana wẽ'hẽ wẽ'hẽ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano wẽjẽ́ri wẽhẽ́ri See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca hã'ã ri'ka hã'ã ri'ka inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo hɨ̃ã- hɨ̃ã- See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka sĩ'ã sĩʔã See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja hĩ́ã́ hĩ́ã́ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje vanisomʉ banisomʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona wai-hi; wahi wai-hi; wahi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya huaiye waijɛ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana oky okɨ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama umanuta umanuta doubtful loan Zaparoan See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché ǰukama ǰono inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano (a)ǰuka inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ǰuka See Language page PLE
Sirionó i̯kia; mutiã i̯kia; mutiã inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá jukɑ jukɑ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina ïrá ña ha-nḯḯ-ta {?-die-cause} ɯrá ɲa ha-nɯ́ɯ́-ta {?-die-cause} unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto méine-ɗe mέine-ɗɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto méine-te mέinɛ-tɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto meine-te mɛinɛ-tɛ inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito amuuni amuuni inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo amunu amunu See Language page Becky Walker
Wari paʔ paʔ See Language page PLE 'To hit and kill' is toʔ paʔ.
Araona iše See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *iye-.
Ese Ejja kekʷa- unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo kekwa-kwe kekwa-kwe See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana mano-a-me- See Language page PLE mano is 'die'; -me is causative. Also pisa- to kill with an arrow.
Cavineña iye-ya; iye- (G71) iye-ya; iye- (G71) inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jiwayaña (-ya- is a kind of causative?) xiwaya-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava rɨrɨ; [β]u'ari See Language page PLE
Itonama yopowaʔna See Language page PLE
Kwazá hedysi-, otsi- hedysi-, otsi- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané i'hai; i'hak-si See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Respectively: generic term; to kill people. Cf. 'dead' 04.750.
Movima tikoi-na tikoi-na See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai (ha)-fa; (ha) ʔfa; ofa-n; (haits) disi-n (ha)-fa; (ha) ʔfa; ofa-n; (haits) disi-n unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang tũg, tèn tɛn; kãŋtɛn See Language page PLE
Suyá ywá jwá See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá rəbu See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi hi hi See Language page PLE
Chipaya kon- See Language page PLE Cf. 'sick' 04.840.
Mocoví y-alawat See Language page PLE
Pilagá y-alaat See Language page PLE Lit. '3pa-kill'.
Toba y-alawat See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apkakhayi See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet neŋaʔheem; neŋelnapma; neŋyamoŋkeɬma See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay i'lon See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -lan ~ -lyen See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE
Nivaclé -klɔn kill https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo u'heeʔ See Language page PLE
Mapudungun l̯aŋɨmɨ See Language page PLE Ranquel form is laŋɨm-.
Qawasqar ḳaar See Language page PLE Also eykwaker, which also means 'hit'. Em records yerakyar, 'kill with a stick'. Bo records kar for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record oftokola for South QWS.
Selknam mateʔ See Language page PLE
Tehuelche e'ma- See Language page PLE
Kanamarí ti ti matar Magalhães 2018:376 Maria Castillo
Lokono faryn ɸaɾɨn kil Pet 1987:362 Camille Unger
Kariña wo wo kill; shoot; beat; hit; strike; knock; stab; fight Yamada 2010:827 Camille Unger