Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

liver

Semantic Field
body
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
hígado
Meaning Portuguese
figado

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nymyn inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla -nem'a inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok kyl:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi nywy/mp(i) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7al' inheritance Klar 1977:95 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno cal inheritance Klar 1977:95 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7al' inheritance Klar 1977:95 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno 7ala inheritance Klar 1977:95 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7al inheritance Klar 1977:95 Jane Hill
Cocopa cpuSu/, nycpuSu/ inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche nyymY inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño -nema [nəmə] inheritance Jane Hill
Gabrielino ah-sahr inheritance CHM/MC241 Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa chepesii [tʃəpəˈsiˑ] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu nywy-bi inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa lphii unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk nymac inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ku/lla inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño no:ma (possessed only) inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu ky/lla inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave chavuthii inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun sire:sum “liver, heart” inheritance O77:331 Jane Hill
Nisenan kylla inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute nywy inheritance Thornes 03:165 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok kyl:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok kyl:a-, ky:la- inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A aacx (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M acx unknown Mason 1918:126 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) iyas unknown Jane Hill
Serrano nym-yic inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute nyngwy-N inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok kyl:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute nuupY inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal nyyma-l inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone nymy(ttsi) inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo kokh (also core, heart) inheritance Jane Hill
Washo d-ilek unknown K310 Jane Hill
Western Mono ny/wy/ inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu kila inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai chvthi/:, chwthi/: inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami dI/\p inheritance K 1963 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi tipH inheritance K07:238,G64 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne tiph inheritance Golla 1964:63 Jane Hill
Yuki ho: inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa -xópana -ʃópana inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona ererɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo penibo pɛnibo loan Arawak See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw tuút tǔt unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano ñehmeturi ñe ʔmeturi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa -y-inki- j-inki- unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï oteto unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani batæ̃ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup hɔ́ hɔ́ inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua mam-daʔ [liver/pit-cl.round] unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi yere (IDS) yere (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu piá (also used for heart and stomach? piá (also used for heart and stomach? inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam amok (gom) amok (gom) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak t∫alu2 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki nemebɨ ja nemebɨ xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon eereerɨpö (E1980); yere (M2000) ererɨpö (E1980) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá pili amugu, amokɨ (EM72) pili amugu, amokɨ (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani japa (1) inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana kalétana kalétana unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano ñe'meturí ñe'meturí inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ñahma sahwaro (Waltz) jahma sahwaɾo (Waltz) inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam amok (EM72) amok inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami pei ãmoku, amokɨ (EM72) pei ãmoku, amokɨ (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna panaji panahi inheritance doubtful loan Arawak > several Witoto languages See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup hɔ̂ hɔ̂ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kadlhu inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi gawir kawir inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba mirliy loan Claire Bowern
Burarra -dumbulk unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu biḏila unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal ŋalthiri loan Claire Bowern
Dhuwala ngalthiri inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari kalhu inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU kalu inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu 2298 inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu ŋalthiri inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang miḏimiḏi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng jiyab loan Jaminjung Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi mirli loan Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu ngalthiri inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji malumpa loan Mudburra Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr kabir kabir inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru miligi loan Claire Bowern
Jawi allan alan inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri 4222 unknown Claire Bowern
Kija mirli- inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa thangka loan Thura-Yura Claire Bowern
Mangala mirliki inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung meling inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka kalu inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra jabarrka Claire Bowern
Mudburra jabarrka loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini kalu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi gu-dhiw inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma ngamarri Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl kabir kabir inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi parni unique Claire Bowern
Nimanburru gabor, gawir kabor, kawir inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla mirliki Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta wanpa inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta ralyu-ralyu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina yookoola yukula unknown Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul gaabir kaabir inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi ḏaŋgunja Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta kalu inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu biḏila unknown Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu ngalthirr loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri mirliki loan Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Warrwa gawiri, gabir kawiri, kabir inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy amarn unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu ŋalthiri inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha kalu, ngarangara inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka kadlu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru warnba XXngl loan from Karajarri warnba loan Karajarri Claire Bowern
Achagua tʃáaliʃi tʃáaliʃi unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco ubana ubana See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari úupana úupana See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero hane hane See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana -kʰɨˀbaa -kʰɨˀbaa inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu ta-pana See Language page PLE Same as 'leaf' 08.560. Appears to be related to the word of Taino origin, and the place-name 'Habana'.
Yine ho-pna See Language page PLE *Piro-Apuriná form is *-'pana.
Ignaciano -'upana See Language page PLE
Trinitario -'topono See Language page PLE
Baure -e'pe-ṛ̌on -e'pe-ṛ̌on unknown See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá #NAME? #NAME? inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani ika ika See Language page John Blaha
Sape mapi mapi See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'ahpa; ['basu] See Language page PLE
Bora íʔkwá-neé, mé-ʔkʷá-neé, -kʷá-neé(-ne) íʔkwá-nɛέ, mέ-ʔkʷá-nɛέ, -kʷá-nɛέ(-nɛ) inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane íga-no, íigá {his} íga-no, íigá {his} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio eeree ere inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai ore ore inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana ele ele inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó ere ere inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare chö:dedü (KH) tʃə:dedɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo i'tere i'tere See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai oy-ere-rɨ oy-ere-rɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yabarana je'reri See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa ítore dʒi'wats̺uts̺o See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo silupe (same as 'heart') silupe (same as 'heart') semantic shift heart See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca tyhyba tɨhɨβa See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí aabingba See Language page PLE
Northern Emberá tháãrɨ (hígado), dadyi-thãrí (hígado de gente), phaká-thãrí (hígado de vaca), beegí-thˈãrí (hígado de venado), bidhóbe-thãrí (hígado de zaino) tháãrɨ, dadʒi-thãrí, phaká-thãrí, beːgí-thˈãrí, bidhóbe-thãrí See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'tʰãri See Language page PLE
Guayabero pa-háp-t, peh hap-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan pi-apat inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva pe-hápa-to hígado, liver Huber & Reed 1992:273 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán sansan sãsã See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra shipich ʃipitʃ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro a´ju aʔxu See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez meequi meeki See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna naca [3-5, 5] naka unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina nahari nahaɽi unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa bekotʃká bekotʃká See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé mã See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Tinigua mãʔnzɨnã See Language page Zach Burnett
Puinave -nam-'ot namʔot unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku i:sa i:sa See Language page PLE
Warao mahi mahi See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar akáp akap See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa akap akap See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna akáp akáp inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect hoːh inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect hoːh See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses isese, tacua isese, takua unknown; inheritance/Tacanan See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo takʷa See Language page PLE *Panoan *takʷa.
Katukina taka See Language page PLE
Pacahuara 'taka See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo taka See Language page PLE
Yaminahua taka See Language page PLE
Chácobo taka taka inheritance/Tacanan See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua sucatyu sukãtju unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua shungu ʃungu See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá sungu sungu See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua shungu, yana shungu ʃungu, jana ʃungu See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano kipchan kiptʃan See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa chatjiyä tʃɑthijæ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Bará jẽbẽ-di'tí See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~jebe-reti-ro ~jebe-reti-ro See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana ñemeriti ɲɛmɛɾiti See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~jebe-reti-ro ~jebe-reti-ro inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti jẽ'bẽ́tuti jẽ'bẽ́tuti See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana jãʔ'bã saʔ'waro jãʔ'bã saʔ'waro See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano jẽʔ'bẽ́ jẽʔ'bẽ́ See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca kaʔ'sia kaʔ'sia unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo jẽbẽ-'rí'tí jẽbẽ-'rí'tí See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka yẽbẽ-di'ti jẽbẽ-diʔti See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ñɛ̃mɛ̃́ňĩ̀tʰì ɲɛ̃mɛ̃́rĩ̀tʰì See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje chemepʉ dʒemepʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona sˀeme-pˀɨ sˀeme-pˀɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya seme sæmæ̃ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana kyry kɨɾɨ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama pɨna pɨna inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi pɨa pɨa inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché pɨaʔa inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano (če-)pɨa inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ᵐbɨʔa See Language page PLE
Sirionó eya eya unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá pere pere unknown See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina fahúúnxo ɸaʔɯ̃'ɯ̃'xo inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto banó-hï banó-hɯ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto báno.i {my} báno.i {my} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto bano.i bano.i inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito cúhuaaja (also used for heart) kúwaaha (also used for heart) inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo kawaha kawaha See Language page Becky Walker
Wari tarawanašiʔ (tarawan) tarawanaʃiʔ (tarawan) See Language page PLE
Araona takʷa See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *e-taka.
Ese Ejja e-kakʷa ~ e-takʷa inheritance/Panoan See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-kakwa e-kakwa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-takʷa See Language page PLE
Cavineña e-takʷa e-takʷa inheritance/Panoan See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara k´iwcha kˀiwča See Language page PLE
Cayuvava čaβe See Language page PLE
Itonama uh-wanɨʔta See Language page PLE
Kwazá eri eri See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané na'kač See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima sonɗo sonɗo See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai (iau) aʔtsi; (ha) atsi (iau) aʔtsi; (ha) atsi unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang tỹmẽ -tə̃mɛ̃; tɨ̃mɛ̃ See Language page PLE
Canela ii-ko See Language page PLE *Jê form is *ŋo.
Karajá maa See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi bä bǝ See Language page PLE
Chipaya pʰaaxtš See Language page PLE
Mocoví l-olamek See Language page PLE
Pilagá le-lamek See Language page PLE
Toba l-lamek See Language page PLE
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité aphikhik; aihikhik See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet eŋhekhek See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -to'nek See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kaxlek ~ -kyaxlek (m.) See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE
Nivaclé -akɔxɬɔk liver https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo abi'to See Language page PLE
Mapudungun ke See Language page PLE Ranquel form is vukuɲ ~ vukuiɲ.
Qawasqar atʰaḳ See Language page PLE Bo records atʰaken for Central QWS.
Selknam ḳàʔyi See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'čˀew See Language page PLE
Kanamarí -ma -ma fígado Magalhães 2018:352 Maria Castillo
Lokono bana bana liver Pet 1987:362 Camille Unger
Kariña ore ore liver Courtz 2007:331 Camille Unger