Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

one

Semantic Field
number
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
uno
Meaning Portuguese
um

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim yē'CH (M); tseets (K1907) loan Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone symmy inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla suplye inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok keng:e- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi suu inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno pak'a inheritance Klar 1977:120 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno ismala unknown Klar 1977:120 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno pakas' A 184 inheritance A 184 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno sumo loan Klar 1977 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno pake7et inheritance Klar 1977:120 Jane Hill
Cocopa shiT inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche symy inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño suli-t [sulɪt] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen pek unknown Shaul 1995:199 Jane Hill
Gabrielino puku7 (?) unique Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa 'ehink [Ɂəˈxɪn̯k] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu suu-ju inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa msir inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk hawkup unique Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ke/nne inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño supu/l inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu sy/tti loan Jane Hill
Mojave seto inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun hemech7a “one” inheritance O77:29 Jane Hill
Nisenan witte: unknown Jane Hill
Northern Paiute symy- inheritance Thornes 03:211 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok lut:i inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok ken:aty-, inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A t'oL (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M t'o/ixYU unknown Mason 1918:153 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) tazo unknown Jane Hill
Serrano hau:kp unique Jane Hill
Southern Paiute syy, cuu inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok keng:eH- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute suuyis, suuis inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal chiich unique Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone symyttyn inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo pa/wa, pa- inheritance Jane Hill
Washo la/k'a7 unknown J169 Jane Hill
Western Mono sy/my/7 inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu k'ete: inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai (?)si/ti, (?)si/:ti inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami yit' inheritance JPH Gamble 91 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi yetH inheritance K07:236 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne yet' inheritance G1964:66 Jane Hill
Yuki pa,7- inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Yuma 7ashe/nt H1:27 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa a(a)pa- a(a)pa- inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona teɲi inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo cũináðo ãmuyo ĩni, cũináro ("only"), (ãmujɔ = "finger", ĩni is like ĩñu "to take out") kũináðo ãmujo ĩni, kũináro unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw ‘mẽ’ m'æ̃ʔ unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano yuju juhu unique See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa tyityasa tjitjasa unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ya'toa unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani ado unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup ʔayǔp ʔajǔp unique See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua bik inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi tiwíŋ tiwíŋ inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu yepé yepé inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam mõli, mõri (EM72) mõli, mõɾi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak miik3 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki te ja te xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon teukin (A1981); töukiing (E1980); töukin (M2000) teukin (A1981); töʊkiŋ (E1980) inheritance N Amaz subgroup See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro pa[topʰe] (dp91), sagú pa[topʰe] (dp91), sagú inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá tsami (EM72) tsami (EM72) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani kae (1) (it contrasts "various" and not "zero"), kaebeje (some, ones) inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana paa(máya) (dp91), páː-da paa(mája) (dp91), páː-da inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano ni'cṹ ni'kṹ inheritance Branch 2, E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria kʉ̃ (stenz) kʉ̃ (stenz) inheritance Branch 2, E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam moni (EM72) moni (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami tahiapɨ (unique, some, afew); mori (only), mahu (one) (all MM07) tahiapɨ; moɾi, mahu inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna pajluwa pa(hluwáha) (dp91) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup cãh, cãhyãpã ~cah, ~cahjapa unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana nguju inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi aranjan, ara, ariny aranjan, ara, ariny inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba yuwarna inheritance Claire Bowern
Burarra -ngardapa unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu waŋgany inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwal wanggañ7 inheritance Claire Bowern
Dhuwala wanggañ inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari kurnu inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU kamanta inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu waŋgany Claire Bowern
Djapu waŋgany unknown Claire Bowern
Djinang wurpmi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng jerrawiyang inheritance Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi yoowarni inheritance Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu wanggañ inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji jintaku inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru yangi unique Claire Bowern
Jawi arinjie arrinyye inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri waraja inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija jirrawu- inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa Mal: kula inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala wanyju unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung jerrawing inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka kurnu inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra jindaku Claire Bowern
Mudburra jindaku inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngamini ngun[h]ara unique Claire Bowern
Ngandi wangginy' loan Claire Bowern
Ngarluma gunyjimu inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl warrinjarree <warrinjarree> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi kurnu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru wandjer wanjer inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla wanyju Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta waraja inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta waraja inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina wanyjarri wanyjarri inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul warinjerr warinjerr inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi nicha Claire Bowern
Pirriya marinha unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta ngururu unique Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu waŋgany inheritance Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu wirdipiyang' unique Claire Bowern
Walmajarri layi inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru kunyala inheritance Claire Bowern
Warrwa wanyjarri wanyjarri inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy anyjabugij inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu waḻip unknown Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha kurnu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi kunja inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka kurnu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru waranyjarri waranyjarri inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua ba- (dp91) ba- (dp91) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco ab[ì-] (dp91), abe ab[ì-] (dp91), abe See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari pa[pu] (hr01) pa[pu] (hɾ01) See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero há(sai)(na) (dp91), hasi'ana há(sai)(na) (dp91), hasi'ana See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare bakũ bakũ See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana ˀbaɨdaʔapʰa ˀbaɨdaʔapʰa inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu wane See Language page PLE
Yine pa; satɨ See Language page PLE
Paresi hatita hatita inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano 'etana; 'etaki' 'etapi See Language page PLE
Trinitario 'etona See Language page PLE
Baure po'noš po'noʃ inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá pawã pawã inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani kyoana/ kyano kyoana/ kyano See Language page John Blaha
Sape koka koka See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa main See Language page PLE
Bora tsʰa- tsʰa- doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown Witotoan See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane sááno sááno See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio tiigiingö tigiŋö inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect tiβin tiβin See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai toiro toiro inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana en en inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó ein ein inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare tōni (IDS) to:ni inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo tëhkenarï tɛhkenarʊ See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai čewɲe čewɲe inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari awynihe awɨnihe See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana enihpoto'nore See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa etobe ku'mats̺ko See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo agetsi agetsi unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca ata ata See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí ĩĩtoupʔ See Language page PLE Colombia: ʔitonə. *Chibchan form is *'eʔ.
Northern Emberá bharã́ bharã́ See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'aba See Language page PLE
Guayabero káe-, káe-jax inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan ken(ʉ́) ken(ɨ́) inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva káe, káe-wa uno, one Huber & Reed 1992:181 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán fue´cco ɸïɛʔkʰo See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra mĩnamtá mĩnamtá unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro vachi´canto (vachi=saltar) waʃiʔkanto See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez yas yas See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna wüxi [2-3, 2] wɨʔi unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina lejhĩi lejhĩi unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa kánje kánje See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke ʌisidé ʌiçidé unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé kjãrẽmẽ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Tinigua kiʔɟe See Language page Zach Burnett
Puinave #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku nokuðamu nokuðamu See Language page PLE
Warao isaka isaka See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar chikíchik, kichik ʧikiʧik, kiʧik See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa chikichik tʃikitʃik See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna bakichik bakitʃik inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʃæt, ʃæd unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses abentsëc abentsëk unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo 'a'čuuši See Language page PLE *Panoan *wɨstita.
Katukina wɨsti-s See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo wɨstiora; haβičo See Language page PLE
Yaminahua βisti See Language page PLE
Chácobo wɨsti-ta wɨsti-ta inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua taraqui taraki unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua shuc ʃuk See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá sug sug See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua shuj ʃux See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano huk huk See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa yatetä jɑ̃tẽt̃æ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva jotabe hotabe inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Bará hi'ka- See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano koho- koho- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana 'hĩ́kã́ 'hĩ́kã́ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ko- ko- inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti ĩ'kã́- ĩ'kã́- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana ĩʔ'kã- ĩʔ'kã- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano sʉgʉ sɨgɨ See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca ĩʔ'rõ ĩʔ'rõ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo hɨ̃'kã hɨ̃'kã See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka si'ka- siʔka- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja hikʰá hikʰá See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje te'echo teʔedʒo inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona teʔe; teʔe-kˀɨ teʔe; teʔe-kˀɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya te'e tɛʔ'ɛ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana mỹhĩn mɨ̃hĩn unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama huepe wepe inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi pɛ̃ʔĩ pɛ̃ʔĩ inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché etakrã unique See Language page PLE
Chiriguano mo-pẽti inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní peteĩ See Language page PLE
Sirionó mi̯i̯; ko-mi̯i̯ mi̯i̯; ko-mi̯i̯ unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá mojepete mojepete inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina tya. -mah tʲa-, -maʔ doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown Boran See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto da da See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto da, dá.a da, dá.a See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto dahe, da.e dahɛ, da.ɛ doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown Boran See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito núquiica núkiika inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo nukak+ha nukakɨha See Language page Becky Walker
Wari xica' pe ('to be alone/one'; E&K97) ʃikaʔ pe ('to be alone/one'; E&K97) See Language page PLE šikaʔ pe, šikaʔ to 'to be one'.
Araona peada; peada-we See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *pea-da.
Ese Ejja oe unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo owe owe See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana piada See Language page PLE
Cavineña pea-dʸa (pea means "other") pea-dʸa inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara maya maya See Language page PLE
Cayuvava karata See Language page PLE
Itonama u-kˀaʔne See Language page PLE Used for classes 1 and 3. Other prefixes for other classes.
Kwazá tei, -na-, -hana- tei, -na-, -hana- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané yi'ris See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima sotaʔ-ra sotaʔ-ra See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai mihin mihin unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang pir pir See Language page PLE
Karajá sohoǰi See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi uitxi uitʃi See Language page PLE
Chipaya c̷ʰii See Language page PLE Also šinta; šintalʸa. Uru-J form is c̷ii. Uru-I form is čˀi.
Mocoví ['ʔona] See Language page PLE From Span. 'uno'. Also ʔoon-okiʔ, 'one-dim (masc)'; ʔoon-oʔlʸiʔ, 'one-dim (fem)'.
Pilagá [ʔoon]-olek; [ʔoon]-ole See Language page PLE Respectively: lit. 'one-masc. dimin.'; 'one-fem. dimin.' From Span. 'uno'.
Toba [ʔoon]-olek; [ʔoon]-ole See Language page PLE From Span. 'uno/una-diminutive'. Respectively: masc and fem.
Lengua ɬama See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ɬima See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet ɬama See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay hote-hʷah-'hi See Language page PLE Lit. 'seems-diminutive-there'. Also 'c̷ˀilak, indicates possibility, initially in the phrase.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja ifʷyenni See Language page PLE
Maca ewiɬ See Language page PLE
Nivaclé weʔɬa one https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo čõ'm̥ãrãʔ See Language page PLE Also čo'm̥ara-i, indicated by the thumb on the right hand.
Mapudungun kiɲe See Language page PLE Same in Ranquel.
Qawasqar taḳ-so See Language page PLE Sk, Bo, Fe record tako-tako for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record takwayto for South QWS.
Selknam s-è-os See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'čočeʔ See Language page PLE
Lokono aba aba one Pet 1987:366 Camille Unger
Kariña o'win oʔwin one Yamada 2010:785 Camille Unger