Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

person/human being

Semantic Field
human
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
persona
Meaning Portuguese
pessoa

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim anghanīl (K1907) inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone nymy (nymi) inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla taxliswet inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok miw:y- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi nyw(y)/ inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno ku inheritance Klar 1977:103 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno 7alajew “gentes” unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno ku inheritance Klar 1977:103 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno ti-tYu inheritance Klar 1977:103 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno ku inheritance Klar 1977:103 Jane Hill
Cocopa capa/y, capa:/y inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche nymy inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño 'atax'a [ɁəˈtaxɁə] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen 7efe/x:e, efexe unknown Shaul 1995:212 & voc Jane Hill
Gabrielino ta:xat (sg), tara:xat “people” inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa 'iipay [Ɂiˑˈpai] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu nywy inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa 7-ipaa “gente” inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk takat inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ko/oca unknown Jane Hill
Luiseño 7a-ta:x inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu ma/jdy inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave pi'pa inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun 7ama “body, person” unknown O77:64 Jane Hill
Nisenan majdyk (?) inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute /nymy/ inheritance Thornes 03:356 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok miw:y- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok mi:w, miw7:a “Indian” inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A k'weL “people” (A only) loan Jane Hill
Salinan M Tepo:/'T' 'Indian, native' unknown Mason 1918:135 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) ziix quiisax “cosa que tiene vida” unknown Jane Hill
Serrano ta:q-t inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute ny-N; nyngwy-S inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok miw:yH- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute nuuchI “Indian person” inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal anghannil “people” inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone nymy inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo k'a/: loan Jane Hill
Washo t'a/nu unknown J187 Jane Hill
Western Mono nyymY “Indian” inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu winthu:h, winthuh, winthu:n inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai ?pa/: inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami tah-aht “Indian person”; inheritance CHM Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi mai 238 inheritance K07:238 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne yokHoch' inheritance Golla 1964 Jane Hill
Yuki 7a:Yat, 7a(:)Tat “people, Indian (s), man, person loan into protolanguage S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Yuma pa7i:pa:/ H1:30 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa newíki newíki inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona karihona (SM) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo põecʉ põɛkɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw dâw dəw inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano masʉ̃, masõ masɨ̃, masõ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa eʔɲapa eʔɲapa unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ho (=body) unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani wao-kã unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup húp húp inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua kãk inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi pemóŋkóŋ pemóŋkóŋ inheritance cognate Pemon See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu mira mira unknown See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam ninam ninam inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak nɨ4kãk1 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki mai aguɨ mai agɨ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon pemon (M2000) inheritance cognate Macushi See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro ináavi?žaánigí ináaviʔʒaánigí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá tsanɨma tsanɨma inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani jiwi (2) (humnas, indigenous people) inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana nawíki 'people' nawíki 'people' inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano masṍ (fem.), masʉ́~ masṍ (fem.), masɨ́~ inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ~basa/~basʉ ~basa/~basʉ inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam yãnomam jãnomam inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami yãnõmãmɨ jãnõmãmɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna ina'uké ina'uké inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup juhup juhup inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana nharla unique Claire Bowern
Bardi ambooriny amburiny inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra wurra gama gorlk unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu 2978 Claire Bowern
Dhuwal 2978 Claire Bowern
Dhuwala yolŋu inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari karna inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu 1687 inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu yolŋu inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang 2978 inheritance Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng jiwoogeng inheritance Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi yoowooloo Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu yolŋu inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji ngumpit inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru mabun semantic shift Claire Bowern
Jawi amb amb inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri 4927 inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija jiyile- inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa ŋura unique Claire Bowern
Mangala jipi, jiibi (C40) inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung jawaleng inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka karna inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra -nganyju Claire Bowern
Mudburra ngarrka semantic shift Claire Bowern
Ngamini karna inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma mayaga Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl womba wamba inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi karna inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru waamburinyi waamburinyi inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla cipi Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta pirirri unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta 10127 unknown Claire Bowern
Nyikina mabardoo mabardu loan Claire Bowern
Paakantyi mali unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya 3186 inheritance Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta palku unique Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu ḏirramu Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu 2978 inheritance Claire Bowern
Walmajarri piyirn inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru muwa unique Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu ḏarramu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha karna inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi ngarla inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka karna inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru ngarrungkarra ngarrungkarra unique Claire Bowern
Achagua chóniwa (w&l) inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco wenàiwica wenàiwika See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari néki-ri néki-ɾi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero ka'mewa ka'mewa See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare khiñéne kʰiñéne See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana pʰiˀdan pʰiˀdan unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka náwi náwi See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu wayuu See Language page PLE A non-Indian is aľihuna; kusina is a non-Guajiro Indian.
Paresi haliti haliti unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano ačane; ačane-ana See Language page PLE Also ema ačane; ačane-kene.
Trinitario ʔčane See Language page PLE
Baure 'či-n-ti; čonoe- tʃi-n-ti; tʃonoe- inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá ĩyãu ĩjãu unknown prob. loan into Trumai See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani kina kina See Language page John Blaha
Sape kamon kamon See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'čači See Language page PLE *South Barbacoan form is *čači.
Bora mɨ́amḯnaa, mḯnaa {people} mɨ́amɯ́naa, mɯ́naa {people} inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane míyámɨnaa {people} míjámɨnaa {people} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio ka'pong (SM) kaʔpoŋ (SM) inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai ahno ahno unknown See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana wajana wajana inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó wɨtoto wɨtoto inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare ssoto (IDS) ssoto inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo wanai wanai See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai tooto tooto inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari kinja (people) (ACB 2003) See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yukpa yukpa (SM) yukpa (SM) See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo kuge; ukuge kuge; ukuge unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca muysca muɨska See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí barī See Language page PLE *Chibchan form is *api-.
Northern Emberá ẽmberá ẽmberá See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena e'perã See Language page PLE
Guayabero hiw inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan -kui -kui unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cofán a´i aʔi See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra tpootsi tpootsi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro ite´chi (people) itɨʔʃi See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez nasa See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna vuó-e (Alv44) wuó-e (Alv44) unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina katɕa 'man, person' katʃa 'man, person' unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa entzá entʂa See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke hʌ́ihʌ́ (human) hʌ́ihʌ́ (human) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé pũmẽ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave epin epin unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku dzoʔkude dzoʔkude See Language page PLE
Ashuar áints aints See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa shuar ʃuar See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna aénts aɨnts inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect jihub inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect juhub See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses matses matses unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo oni; βɨβo See Language page PLE *Panoan *oni; *βɨ̃βo.
Katukina nokɨ See Language page PLE Also means 'we' 02.940; 'people' 19.210.
Shipibo-Konibo honi See Language page PLE
Yaminahua yora See Language page PLE Also means 'body' 04.110; 'people' 19.210.
Chácobo noʔiria; karayana (the latter refers to outsiders who are not indigenous) noʔiria; karayana (the latter refers to outsiders who are not indigenous) unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua nijyami nixjãmi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua runa ɾuna See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá runa runa See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua duiñu duiɲu See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano runa runa See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa tjüja isa thɨhɑ̃ ĩsɑ̃ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva joxo hoxo unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará baho'ka (people) See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~basɨ (m.); ~baso (f.) ~basɨ (m.); ~baso (f.) See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana kã-bãsã́ 'people' kã-bãsã́ 'people' See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~basɨ (m.); ~baso (f.) ~basɨ (m.); ~baso (f.) inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti baso'ká baso'ká See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana bã'sã bã'sã See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano bã'sá-ka 'people' bã'sá-ka 'people' See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca põʔĩbã-hã 'people' põʔĩbã-hã 'people' inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo kã-bãhã 'people' kã-bãhã 'people' See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka baso'kɨ basoʔkɨ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja bóhó'ká (people) bóhó'ká (people) See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje pãiʉ pãiʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona waʔkˀɨ; wãĩkˀɨ; wãĩkˀo waʔkˀɨ; wãĩkˀɨ; wãĩkˀo inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya pai (people) pã'ɨ̃ (people) See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana ota ota unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama awa awa inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi tɛkɔ; mira tɛkɔ; mira unique; loan from Nheengatu (acc. IDS) See Language page PLE
Aché ače inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano ᵐbɨa; karai inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ava; 'mava; tekove See Language page PLE
Sirionó mia; aba mo; emo mia; aba mo; emo inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá awa awa inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina jaróhtuh haróʔtuʔ unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto komïnï {people} komɯnɯ {people} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto komḯnï {people} komɯ́nɯ {people} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto komïnï {people} komɯnɯ {people} inheritance/Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito caáya kaája inheritance See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo kaya (nuestraˌ no ajena) kaja See Language page Becky Walker
Wari wariʔ wariʔ See Language page PLE Means '1ppl incl emphatic pronoun'.
Araona e-kʷiča; c̷edapo See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *e-kita.
Ese Ejja -dexa; -pona unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo ese exa; dexa ese exa; dexa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cavineña e-kʷita e-kʷita inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jaqe xaḳi See Language page PLE
Cayuvava duaβa; dapoa See Language page PLE
Itonama u-buwa See Language page PLE
Kwazá mãrɛ̃ritsa mãrɛ̃ritsa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'mointki See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima huye-ni huje-ni See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai iau iau loan Waura See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang fòg (non-indigenous person) wɛ̃ɲʔũ; saɲ; kaɲŋəŋ See Language page PLE
Suyá mẽ mẽ See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá inɨ See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi hikäbü hikǝbø See Language page PLE
Chipaya ṣ̌oɲi See Language page PLE Uru-J form is ṣ̌oɲi.
Mocoví ḳom le-ʔek See Language page PLE Lit. 'people 3p possessor-member (masc)'; fem. is ḳom l-ase.
Pilagá siy-aʁawa See Language page PLE Lit. '?-companion'; cf. 19.510.
Toba šiy-aʁawa; šig-aʁawa See Language page PLE -aʁawa means 'companion'.
Lengua enɬit See Language page PLE Also means 'man' 02.210, and is the name the people call themselves.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité inɬit; ininɬit See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet enɬet See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay wi'či See Language page PLE Western dialect is wi'kʸe.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja inyoʔ See Language page PLE
Nivaclé niwakle; -ɬeč; -'waʔča person, human being https://ids.clld.org/ PLE Respectively: means 'people'; suffixes, which occur as pronominal roots.
Ayoreo ayo'r-e See Language page PLE
Mapudungun če See Language page PLE Same form in Ranquel.
Qawasqar ḳawas-ḳʰar See Language page PLE
Selknam čonn See Language page PLE
Lokono loko loko person, people Fanshawe 1949:68 Camille Unger
Kariña kari'nja kariʔnja person; Kari'nja, Indian Yamada 2010:748 Camille Unger