Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

split

Semantic Field
impact
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
partir, dividir
Meaning Portuguese
rachar, dividir, partir

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone -pahka (sg. obj), -paakuih (pl. obj.) "crack, break, split"; paijah (intr) inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla -chapi- unknown S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok Ta/l-wa- (vt) inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi tapa/ki “split asunder” inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno wi-ch'eq inheritance Klar 1977:79 Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno wati-ch'eq, tipe-ch'eq “to crack, split” inheritance A 368 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno speleqe “split ... off”, have crack, partir inheritance Klar 1977:79 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno nich'eq (of board) inheritance JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa cuTap (trs), Tap (intrs) inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche tabakoity inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño nget-0 [ŋət] unknown Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa wechall [wəˈʧaɫ] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu topogoi- “split wood” unknown Jane Hill
Kiliwa -cap inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk shererk unknown Jane Hill
Lake Miwok ha/pa unknown Jane Hill
Luiseño pava~i- unknown Jane Hill
Maidu wijy/t inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave sadap=(tr., wood for e.g.), tadap= (tr., same) (NOTE: redup from tap in Cocopa; UA *tapi??), tamkyelk=(something like a pumpkin, tr), taqan= (by accident), tavadoo= (part in hair), imkyelk= (intr) inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun sachki “split something in half” unknown O77:210 Jane Hill
Nisenan wac'a:t unknown Jane Hill
Northern Paiute kutsa “split.wood” unique Thornes 03:268 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok pa7wa-, po7wa- unknown Jane Hill
Plains Miwok 7aswa- inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A axAtcnAp (A), “split, part”; unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M e/xtc'nop unknown Mason 1918:139 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) iti cO|cazx (vi) unknown Jane Hill
Serrano Sara-7 (vt) inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7a:T- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute kwa7chikei (wood) inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal chilaala-t unknown Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone paha” unknown Jane Hill
Wappo hoch'a/m'i7 unknown Jane Hill
Washo gu/suyi unknown J240 Jane Hill
Western Mono pytyhi-, unknown Jane Hill
Wintu Xica inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai tika/:vi, chIpa:(macron), (m)scha/qi I has subdot, : is macron unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne T'idik' unknown N1964 Jane Hill
Yuki haN (vi) unknown K1911:Voc Jane Hill
Yuma adha/pk “it is split” H1:29' a:dha/pk “he splits it” H1:31; tadha/p “to split” H6:164 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa keéta, matáka keéta, matáka inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Cubeo bojeðayʉ; cotʉyʉ boxeðajɨ; kotɨjɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw sap, ki’ ʃap, kiʔ semantic shift See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano nuariñe (esp. hard things) nuaɾije unique See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa -ɨpetyaka- (IDS) -ɨpetjaka- (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ʰkeɨ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani ti-yæ̃-gõ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup b’ah-, pob b’ah-, pob inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua paʔ4, pãk2 [H&R] missing See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi yaʔmorikka (IDS) yaʔmorikka (IDS) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu munuçuka munusuka inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam pahatra, pahto (EM72) pahatɾa, pahto inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak bɨɨʔ3 unknown See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki batoyi, joayi batoji, xoaji inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon pantaka, ratoika, piraka, akituka, koroika, amorika, charamo, sarauka, mo (A1981); iwürüuka (M2000) pantaka, ɾatoika, piɾaka, akituka, koɾoika, amoɾika, tʃaɾamo, saɾauka, mo (A1981); iβɨ:ɻɨu'ka (M2000) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro khova?-khú (split wood), khovakó?i-Jú kʰovaʔ-kʰú (split wood), kʰovakóʔi-Jú unknown See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá patho, kaka (EM72) patho, kaka inheritance; unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani wokóta (sing.) wokóba (plur). ukúbaba 'trozar' (split into pieces) unknown; inheritance shared Cuiva See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana kadúwa kadúwa inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano pááwaʔa- pááwaʔa- inheritance See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria to separate: -boro; to divide in half: wa'chu -boɾo; waʔʧú unknown; unique See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam pakaropre (EM72) pakaɾopɾe unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami hahathoaɨ, hahathomaɨ, hahathopraɨ hahatʰoaɨ, hahatʰomaɨ, hahatʰopɾaɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna ata'akaje, jata'akaje ataʔakahe, hataʔakahe unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup pob pob inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana palka-palka- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi lara -joo- lara -ju- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra barrja unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu barthun unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Dhuwala balbaw'marama unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari palka_x001E_ loan Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djapu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djinang barrbiḻ unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng lag inheritance Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu balbaw'marama unknown Claire Bowern
Gurindji lak pa- loan Jaminjung Claire Bowern
Jaru darlag unknown Claire Bowern
Karajarri gar inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija lak inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mangala rlaarr-pu inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung lag inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Mudburra dil Claire Bowern
Mudburra dil ba- loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini palka_x001E_ loan Claire Bowern
Ngandi X missing Claire Bowern
Ngarluma garnda Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl kal warrara <kal warrara> unique Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla rlaarr-pu Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta yilyu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta yilyu Claire Bowern
Nyikina lar XXgl take off skin lar inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul baṛ m-aṛan baṛ m-aṛan inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi ḏaḷa-ḏaḷa- unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta palka inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu barr'yun inheritance? Claire Bowern
Walmajarri larlarrma- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru parlka- unique Claire Bowern
Wubuy rlarl-bu, rurrdi inheritance? Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha kudrikudrina (?), yalba, unique Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawuru rdirdirdi + rdirdirdi + semantic shift Claire Bowern
Achagua ʃéʃineʒiu, ʃádáiʒiu ʃéʃineʒiu, ʃádáiʒiu unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco tucúaca tukúaka See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero huľeta; kuhaha huľeta; kuhaha See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana tʰadaʔukʰa-n tʰadaʔukʰa-n inheritance? See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu awakata See Language page PLE Also awakaha.
Paresi eheka eheka inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano -'eheka; -'ehereka See Language page PLE
Trinitario eheko See Language page PLE
Baure piria; epiri piria; epiri unique See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá halaka halaka inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Cha'palaa 'čii-nu; 'paa-nu See Language page PLE
Bora dówajcáro (T98) tókʷaxkʰáro doubtful loan Arawak See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane quísíívehi (W97) kísííβeʔi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio 'mo (SM) ʔmo (SM) unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect reʔpa reʔpa See Language page Lauren Franklin
Wayana ëtakpika ǝtakpika inheritance See Language page PLE
Mapoyo enu'sapë'bë enu'sapɛ'bɛ See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai wɨ-raka-∅ wɨ-raka-∅ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yukpa maijuku, echásmak See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Muisca sacan btasqua sakan βtaskua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí aɨgdon (?) See Language page PLE
Northern Emberá kõrái, toabéi kõrái, toabéi See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena tʰoo-pʰe See Language page PLE Lit. 'divide-instrument'.
Guayabero tíˀa, horizontal; tawáka, vertical unknown; doubtful loan Piapoco See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva ukubóba, topʰohába hender, split Huber & Reed 1992:353 Rebecca Khorram
Playero titíka, 'rasgar, romper tela o papel' - 'tear, like cloth or paper' See Language page Rebecca Khorram
Cofán doñañe, tsse'tsseye doɲãɲɛ, tshɛʔtshɛjɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra ipósamaama ipósamaama unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez pe´lande- peʔlande- See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna nare-pêu-tê (Alv44) nareʔpɨuʔtɨ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Camsa xaʃtɨtɕána xaʃtɨtɕána See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke pa' paʔ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé tuti-čia See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave [-yau-nok] (int.); [-yau-dei] (tr.) jau-nok; -jau-dei unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Ashuar jíinkitin xi:nkitin See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa akankatsa akankatsa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna dakát, akanát dakat, akanat unique; inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect bǝh inheritance cognate Hup See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses canche, cuësh kantʃe, kuɨʃ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo tuka-ti See Language page PLE
Katukina pɨša- See Language page PLE
Pacahuara ma'tošmaki See Language page PLE Means 'he causes to split'.
Shipibo-Konibo kaṣ̌kɨ-ti See Language page PLE
Yaminahua toṣ̌a-kĩ; kaškɨ-kĩ See Language page PLE Respectively: split open; split apart.
Chácobo matoṣ̌- matoṣ̌- unique shared Pacahuara See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua jaruti; ruve (in halves) xaru:ti; ruve unique; unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua chawpina, chillpina tʃawpina, tʃiʎpina See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá bandai, bandiai bandai, bandiai See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua liquina, chaupina likina, tʃaupina See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano ch'iqtay, rakiy (CP94) tʃ'iqtaj, rakij See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Bará be'é See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano háábat-ó-, bohé- háábat-ó-, bohé- See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana bo'pé bo'pé See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna boje-re (identical with cut/hack) boxe-ɾe inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti 'bée- 'bée- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana po'ʔa- po'ʔa- See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano ba'í- ba'í- See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca waʔa-ri-ka waʔa-ri-ka inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo bo'pé bo'pé See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka be'é be'é See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja páá tuu, bũtu'ó páá tuu, bũtu'ó See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje vatomʉ batomʉ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona hua'huaji, joiji waʔwahi, hoihi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya joye hɔjɛ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana soky sokɨ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Wayampi -ɔka; -mɔʔi -ɔka; -mɔʔi inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché mubu unknown See Language page PLE
Chiriguano ᵐbo-wo inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ǰoka; ᵐbo-vo See Language page PLE
Sirionó momo; ɲisia momo; ɲisia inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá joˀok, pɨtupɨtuka joˀok, pɨtupɨtuka inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina botyoojo botʲoojo doubtful loan W. Tukanoan See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Murui Witoto taɨ́node, taɨillude taɯ́nodɛ, taɯidʒudɛ (B83) unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito nɨɨcaani (split in half) nɨɨkaani (split in half) unknown See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo rawɨtɨnu (split wood) rawɨtɨnu (split wood) See Language page Becky Walker
Wari toʔ pahot, toʔ pahorohot toʔ pahot, toʔ pahorohot See Language page PLE
Araona noi; tozo; sala See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja poho-nahe unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo taa-kwe; po-ho- (Girard 1971) taa-kwe; po-ho- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana peď̶o-; boðeðe- See Language page PLE Also hemi-c̷oa-dera, as for firewood.
Cavineña bori-ya; pac̷a-ya bori-ya; pača-ya unique; unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jaljaña xalxa-ɲa See Language page PLE
Kwazá by- by- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'četheʔ ~ čee'teʔ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima oi-ka-pin̉ oi-ka-pin̉ See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Kaingang ryg, rygryg rɨŋ; rɔm; ruŋrɔm See Language page PLE
Karajá abɨnɨ; čua See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi djebühe dʒebøhe See Language page PLE
Mocoví r-opoḳo-gi See Language page PLE Lit. '3p actor-split-through'.
Pilagá ∅-kosay-a-ʔage See Language page PLE Lit. '3pa-open-aspect-along'.
Toba de-poḳo-gi See Language page PLE Lit. '3p actor-split-through'.
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet nempaʔaɬkatma See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay hi-če'sah See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -fʷaxakiʔ See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE Means to cut in two pieces.
Nivaclé -kˀas-at split https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo a'hukeʔ; ĩpoo'čereʔ See Language page PLE Also adj. form ipõõ'čerããi; ipõõ'čerã.
Mapudungun waṭ͡ʀo-ka, ṭ͡ʀafo-ka See Language page PLE Ranquel form is uðanente-.
Selknam pˀa See Language page PLE
Lokono faradan ɸaɾadan split firewood Pet 1987:372 Camille Unger
Kariña araka araka split Yamada 2010:717 Camille Unger