Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

star

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
estrella
Meaning Portuguese
estrela

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim suul' 209 inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone taci7ym-pin inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla su'we-t inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok ho/sh:ok:o:na- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi puu/civ(y) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7aqiwo, 7aqiwu B78 inheritance Klar 1977:119 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno 7aHli7k'i, 7aqli7k'i7 at 0302 unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7aqiwo inheritance Klar 1977:119 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno (t)k/qshimu, tiLhisa chqsimu7 unknown Klar 1977:119 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7aqiwo unknown JPH Jane Hill
Cocopa kwLyap inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche tatsinuupI inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño su'u-l [suɁul] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen amutatas “stars” (Arroyo) unknown Shaul 1995:201 Jane Hill
Gabrielino su:r, $u:r, $o$yot, sosyot “stars” inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa kwenmesaap [kʷən̯məˈsaˑp] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu puucii-vy inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa msi7 inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk hu7ch inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok to7le inheritance Jane Hill
Luiseño Su7-la inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu lyly/ loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Mojave 7am'use, hamuse inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun awiSna unknown NW Jane Hill
Nisenan mo:lo, unknown Jane Hill
Northern Paiute paatusuba unique Thornes 03:106 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok hos:ok:ona- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok hol:ok:aj unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A TatsuwA/n (M only) pl. Tatcwa:/niL loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M TatsuwA/n loan direction unknown Mason 1918:133 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) azoj unknown Jane Hill
Serrano hu:7-T inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute po:tsi-S inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok cala:tu- loan Jane Hill
Southern Ute puuchiivI inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal shuul inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone tatsiumpi inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo so/ke unknown Jane Hill
Washo ma7losang unknown K311 Jane Hill
Western Mono tazino/pY/ inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu satu:s “stars” loan direction unknown Jane Hill
Yavapai ham(m)si_: inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami c'oyo:tas loan direction unknown W&G (JPH) Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi ch'oytHosh inheritance K07:243, G64 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne ts'aitas (same in Golla 1964) inheritance K 1963, Golla 1964 Jane Hill
Yuki manch'ip'a,:se, manch'ip2,s inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa hiwírhi hiwíɻhi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona tʃirikə inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo abiácorʉ abiákorɨ unique See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw ‘mẽér m’æ̃̌h inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano necãmʉ ne kãmɨ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa kaʔ yakɨn kaʔ jakɨn unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï ateta / atetï (plural) unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani dẽ-bõ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup wædhɔm'æ̌h [mæh 'small'] wædhɔ-~b'æ̌h inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua kɨ̂j inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi sírikɨ́ sírikɨ́ inheritance likely loan into Yanomami See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu yacitá (older term, yaci=lua, ta=tatá=fogo), estrela (from POR, newer term) jasitá (older term, yaci=lua, ta=tatá=fogo) estrela (from POR, newer term) inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam põlemahuk, pəram ãhi (EM72) põlemahuk, pəɾam ãhi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak kɨi3 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki tucu aguɨ tuku agɨ inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon chirike (A1981); chirikö (M2000) tʃiɾike (A1981); tʃiɻi:'kə (M2000) inheritance loan to Yanomami, other yanomam lgs, "ʃiɾikaɾi" See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro hivíigí hivíigí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá šitikali (EM72) ʃitikali loan (into protolanguage?) Carib, e.g. Pemon sírikɨ́ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani tulúpu-to loan, direction unknown possibly into Piapoco duluputu, if this form really does include the S. suffix -to See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana walipéɾa walipéɾa inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano ñocõáwâ ñokõáwâ inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria mʉano macaria; ñahpichohaca (all Waltz) mʉano makaɾia; jahpikhohaka (all Waltz) unique See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam pirim ãfu, šitikari (EM72) piɾim ãfu, ʃitikaɾi loan (into protolanguage?) Carib, e.g. Pemon sírikɨ́ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami šitikari, širikari (EM72), purima ãhu (EM72) ʃitikaɾi, ʃiɾikaɾi, puɾima ãhu loan (into protolanguage?) Carib, e.g. Pemon sírikɨ́ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna iwijrí iwihɾí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup wedo b'ɛ̃̌h wedo ~b'æ̌h inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kardipila inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi gubala kubala loan Claire Bowern
Bunuba wardanyi loan Claire Bowern
Burarra marnnga unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu ganyu(') unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal baṯtjurr Claire Bowern
Dhuwala ganyu(') unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari diji waka inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu ganyu(') unknown Claire Bowern
Djapu baṯtjurr unknown Claire Bowern
Djinang gata unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng thamberralng unique NJ Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi warda loan Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu ganyu(') unknown Claire Bowern
Gurindji kiki loan Jaru Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr barranggoman barrangkoman unknown Claire Bowern
Jaru warda loan Claire Bowern
Jawi inderee inderri unique Claire Bowern
Karajarri wiriny inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija warta-l loan Bunuban Claire Bowern
Malyangapa pul:i inheritance? Claire Bowern
Mangala wiriny loan Yawuru Claire Bowern
Miriwung thamberralng unique NJ Claire Bowern
Mithaka tinggu unique Claire Bowern
Mudburra jinkiji Claire Bowern
Mudburra jinkiji loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini didyidalra inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngandi dhaporlk unique Claire Bowern
Ngarluma birndirri Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl koonyool <koonyool> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi kulhaRa inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru warrabalany warrabalany inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla wiriny Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta panikiti unknown Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta panikata inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina larn larn inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul warrabalag warrabalak inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi poolia, burle inheritance? Claire Bowern
Pirriya yityi inheritance Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta tyinpi loan Mayi Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu baṯtjurr, ganyu Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu dhaparlk loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri wirl inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru pu(r)turungu doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Warrwa larn larn inheritance Claire Bowern
Wubuy miyiri inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu baṉumbirr unknown Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha dritji inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi ditjinaukata inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka kuli inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawuru wiriny wiriny semantic shift Claire Bowern
Achagua sáalii sá:lii doubtful loan Carib See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco dùlupùta dùlupùta See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari wirínhu wiɾínhu See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero wiwinaľi wiwinaľi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana wiiẓi wiiẓi inheritance Proto North Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka ewíːne ewíːne See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu šɨľiwaľa See Language page PLE
Yine katahiri See Language page PLE 'Evening star' is kayikawsahi; 'morning star' is honsahi; 'Pleiades' is kačkehiri.
Paresi xorese ʃoretse inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano harairiki See Language page PLE
Trinitario hreeɣi See Language page PLE The 'morning star' is whʸareeɣi.
Baure wa'his wa'his unknown See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá kalũtɨ kalũtɨ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani okihat okihat See Language page John Blaha
Sape ñayino ɲayino See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'ma'kara See Language page PLE
Bora mɨ́ɨ́kʰḯrï-kwa, mɨ́ɨkʰïrï mɨ́ɨ́kʰɯ́rɯ-kwa, mɨ́ɨkʰɯrɯ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane méékɨrɨ-gai mέέkɨrɨ-gai See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio chiiriigö tʃirigö inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai xirikuato xirikuato inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana silikë silikǝ inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó sirikë sirikǝ inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare šidīčə (IDS); shidi:chö (KH) ʃidi:tʃə inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo sihkë sihkɛ See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai šir̃ko šir̃ko inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yabarana si'rika See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa siku s̺eku See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo kandiñoko kandiñoko unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca fagua paγua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí tootubi See Language page PLE Colombia: totubirə. *Chibchan form is *bi-.
Northern Emberá luséro luséro See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena [lu'sero] See Language page PLE From Span. 'lucero'.
Guayabero ʔit-táeh-t unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan jarwát harwát unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva opitéi-to estrella, star Huber & Reed 1992:66 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán o´fe oʔɸɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra tsagachi tsankatʃi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro a´chivi aʔʃiwi See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez a a See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna e4xta3 (A58) eʔta unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina aḍzasihe atʃasihe unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa estrelʲa-téma (from sp) estrelʲa-téma See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke füǝ(ü)khü (RW52) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé bǫȩ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave kət kət unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku ðaoku ðaoku See Language page PLE
Warao kura kuɾa See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar yaa ja: See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa yaa ja: See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna yáya jája inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʃagõ:h doubtful loan Carib See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses uispa uispa inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo ʔispa See Language page PLE ʔɨspa (dial.). *Panoan *wištima.
Katukina hiči See Language page PLE
Pacahuara 'wištima See Language page PLE d'Orb huiština. Arm uistine.
Shipibo-Konibo wištĩ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua išti βɨro; βiši See Language page PLE Contains morpheme for 'eye' 04.210.
Chácobo wištima (also means "many") wištima (also means "many") inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua darichiy ndaritʃij unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua istirilla (Spanish loan) istiɾiʎa See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano qoyllur qojʎuɾ See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa siri'ko siɾikʔɤ loan Carib See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Bará jõ'kõã-wɨ̃ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~joko ~joko See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana ñocõ ɲɔkɔ̃ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~jokoa-gã ~jokoa-gã inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti jõkõã-wɨ̃ jõkõã-wɨ̃ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana jãʔ'pĩkoʔã jãʔ'pĩkoʔã See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano neeñúcámʉ neeñú kámɨ See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca tãʔ'pia tãʔ'pia unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo jõkõ jõkõ See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka yõkõã-'wɨ̃; yõkõ'ã jõkõã-ʔwɨ̃; jõkõʔã See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ñṍkʰṍ ɲṍkʰṍ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje ma'jñakoo maʔxɲakhoo inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona maʔčoko maʔtʃoko inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya ma'ñoco mãʔñɔkɔ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana otirypo otiɾɨpo unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Wayampi yaɨ-tata ('moon-fire') jaɨ-tata ('moon-fire') inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché tata ɨwatɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano ǰasɨ tata inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ᵐbɨǰa See Language page PLE
Sirionó ɲasi tata (Literally "moon fire" (ɲasi means moon, tata means fire)) ɲasi tata inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá jaɨtata-ˀi (M2000) jaɨtata-ˀi (M2000) inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina ohxóóhtyo; com̈aando (del este), dsávoohcho (del oeste) oʔxóóʔtʲo, kom:aando (del este) dzáβooʔĉo (del oeste), inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto ukúdo ukúdo See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto ukúdu ukúdu See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto ukudu ukudu inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito sahuíja (same as stone) sawíha (same as stone) unknown See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo naricha, narihya naɾiʧa, naɾihja See Language page Becky Walker
Wari piyoʔ pijoʔ See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja mahameta unique See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo čiče čiče See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana atohai See Language page PLE
Cavineña porari porari unique See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara wara wara wara-wara See Language page PLE
Cayuvava rawaβa; ra'uβaβa See Language page PLE
Itonama o-kičˀi See Language page PLE
Kwazá txitũjɛ, -tõi txitũjɛ, -tõi See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané õrõ'taʔ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Cf. 'light' 01.610.
Movima ɗiɗin-kʷa ɗiɗin-kʷa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai asih asih unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang krĩg krĩŋ See Language page PLE
Canela kʰɛn See Language page PLE *Jê form is *kɛn.
Suyá kãtečí kãtečí See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá taina See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi bzirebzire bzirebzire See Language page PLE
Chipaya wara-wara See Language page PLE
Mocoví waḳahɲi See Language page PLE
Pilagá 'waḳč-iɲi See Language page PLE Lit. '?-down'.
Toba waḳah-ɲi; waḳ-ɲi See Language page PLE -ɲi is 'down'.
Lengua ap-yowa See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité apyaoa See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet apyawʔa See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ka'tes See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja kates (f.) See Language page PLE
Maca footekiʔ (f.) See Language page PLE 'Lucero', the morning star is neɬu-wokiʔ; cf. 'day' 14.410. The 'evening star' is xukaχewokiʔ; cf. 'night' 14.420.
Nivaclé katiʔs star https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo 'geedo See Language page PLE
Mapudungun waŋɨlen̯ See Language page PLE Ranquel form is waŋɨlen.
Qawasqar c̷elesewe See Language page PLE Also yekapc̷ewe-k-seles, which also means 'moon'. Bo, Sk, SpC, Ca, Gui record kolas for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, Sps record konas for South QWS.
Selknam telu See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'tˀerḳeʔ See Language page PLE Some star names: 'šomeʔ, 'las boleadoras'; 'oyo, 'avestruz (ostrich)'; 'čelxlon, 'las tres Marías'.
Lokono wiwa wiwa star Pet 1987:372 Camille Unger
Kariña siriko siriko star, year Courtz 2007:370 Camille Unger