Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

woman/female

Semantic Field
human
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
mujer
Meaning Portuguese
mulher

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim ko'-im 171; goim (K1907) unknown Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone hypi inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla nyichily inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok 7o/sh:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi mama/7u(u); inheritance JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno enex inheritance Sapir 1920:289 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno hemych unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7eneq inheritance A 7, K 1977:133 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno ktasitYuju unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno x7anwa unknown Harrington 1974:9 Jane Hill
Cocopa s7ak inheritance Jane Hill
Comanche hybi “middle-aged”, hybi tsiitsi7 “elderly” inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño nawika-t [nəˈwikət] loan Jane Hill
Esselen ta- ; tanutch-k unknown Shaul 1995:220, 221 Jane Hill
Gabrielino toko:ra (obj. case form) inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa siny [siɲ] inheritance Jane Hill
Kawaiisu momo7o inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa kW-kuu, kW-ku-t-u “hembra” inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk kwihak unknown Jane Hill
Lake Miwok po/cci, p'o/cci loan Jane Hill
Luiseño Sunga:-l inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu kyle/ inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave thinya'aak inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun mukurma inheritance O77:84, 315 Jane Hill
Nisenan kyle inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute [moqo/7ni inheritance Thornes 03:40 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok 7os:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok 72s2:72h, 7ysy:7yh inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A ltes'e/7 (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M lene/' unknown Mason 1918:134 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) cmaam unknown Jane Hill
Serrano nY:ht “woman” loan Jane Hill
Southern Paiute mam:a7u- “woman, young woman” inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok 7oh:a- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute mamachI inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal koojm unknown Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone wa7ippy inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo me/t'e loan Jane Hill
Washo da7mo/7mo7 unknown J102 Jane Hill
Western Mono hyy/pI inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu p'oqta inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai msi_ inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami ketepHal JPH; H is aspiration unique JPH Gamble 91 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi muk'-ash inheritance K07:236, G64 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne gaa7in'a inheritance N1944 Jane Hill
Yuki musp inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa íinaro íinaɻo inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona wəritʃi inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo nomió nomió inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw ãày ʔã̂j inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano noméo noméo inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa wïnkï, Var. wïnkït, wïnkïï (MM) wïnkï, Var. wïnkït, wïnkïï (MM) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï au unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani dãni unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup tãʔã́y [1st syllable comes from 3sg pn tɨh] ~taʔáj inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua jadn unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi wɨriʔ (SIL) wɨriʔ (SIL) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu kuyã, way (old woman) kujã, wai (old woman) inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam thuwe, thɨwə (EM72) tʰuwe inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak nɨ4mat1 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki nomio ago nomio ago inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon weri (A1981); wörü (M2000) weɾi (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro ináadó ináadó inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá suɨtə (EM72) suɨtə (EM72) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani jiwitowa (1) inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana ínaɾu ínaɾu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano númíó númíó inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria ~dubi ~dubi inheritance E-W Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam thɨwə (EM72) tʰɨwə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami suwə suwə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna inanaru inanaɾu inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup ʔã̂ːj ~ʔâːj inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana uljurla unique Claire Bowern
Bardi orany oorany inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra gama unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu baṯami semantic shift Burarra Claire Bowern
Dhuwal [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Dhuwala baṯami loan Claire Bowern
Diyari wilha inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU pitjiri unique Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu waṯa Claire Bowern
Djapu waṯa Claire Bowern
Djinang barrpi unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng gabeleng inheritance Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi goornboo Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu waṯa Claire Bowern
Gurindji janka inheritance Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr warany warany inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru ngaringga, unique Claire Bowern
Jawi hoarrang hoarrang inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri wakala inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija ngali-l inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa walka inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala marnin unknown Claire Bowern
Miriwung gawilang inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka pulurlu unique Claire Bowern
Mudburra kirri Claire Bowern
Mudburra kirri doubtful loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini widla inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma manga Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl jandoo jarndu inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi iwa unique Claire Bowern
Nimanburru worinj woriny inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla marnin Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta mirlkarr inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta mirtawa inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina marnin marnin loan Ngumpin-Yapa Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul woriny woriny inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi nongo unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya warruŋo unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta parratya unique Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu baṯami, miyalk, dha:yka Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu dhiŋ' loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri kartu inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru warra unique Claire Bowern
Warrwa yiri; yiiri; jando yiri; yiiri; jando inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu muṉkaŋu unknown Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha "yiwa, nhiwa (female)" inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi widla inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka tjiwara unique Claire Bowern
Yawuru jarndu jarndu inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua í:na, í:neto: í:na, í:neto: inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco inanái inanái See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari nanáwí nanáwí See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero ľ̥a'ľinemi enami See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare hiñátʃati hiñátʃati See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana ẓɨna ẓɨna inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka ináː-lutʃa ináː-lutʃa See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu wayuu hier̃ɨ See Language page PLE
Yine sɨtʸo See Language page PLE *Piro-Apuriná form is *sɨitio.
Paresi ohiro; haloti 'Paresi woman' ohiro; haloti 'Paresi woman' inheritance? See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano esena See Language page PLE
Trinitario ʔseno See Language page PLE
Baure e'ton e'ton inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá -nežu; -lu; -žu -nežu; -lu; -žu inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani kari kaɾi See Language page John Blaha
Sape kapay kapay See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa šinbu; 'su-pu See Language page PLE Dialectal variant is šimbu. Latter form is, lit. 'vagina-is'.
Bora kwa-ĉe kwa-tʃɛ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane gáí-go {being-female} gáí-go {being-female} See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio uuriichang uritʃaŋ inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect uriʃaŋ uriʃaŋ See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai nohpo tomo (pl) nohpo tomo (pl) unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana wëlïi wǝlɨi inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó wëri wǝri inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare wodi (IDS, KH) wodi inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo wërya'mu wɛrja'mu See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai woošam woošam inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari weri weri See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana uri'hiamo See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa aminchatuna, borépape wo'ts̺epa See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo itaű itaű unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca muysca fucha muɨska puʂa See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí byoo See Language page PLE Colombia: biorə.
Northern Emberá wẽ́ra wẽ́ra See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'wẽra See Language page PLE 'Indian woman' is e'perã 'wẽra.
Guayabero puwís unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan warapénʉ warapénɨ doubtful loan Carib, e.g. Pemon weri; see also N. Embera wẽra See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva petsiríwa, jabɨ́-jo mujer, woman Huber & Reed 1992:40 Rebecca Khorram, Maria Castillo
Cofán pushesu pyʃɛsɯ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra kiiza kiiʂa unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro iyi iji See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez petam petam See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna ngexũ [3, 2] ŋeʔɨ̃ unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina eene e:ne doubtful loan Arawak See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa ʃembása ʃembása See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke tíi tíi unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé iãĩ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Tinigua ɲiʔsa See Language page Zach Burnett
Puinave den den unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku ne:labə ne:labə See Language page PLE
Warao tira, iboma (girl) tiɾa, iboma (giɾl) See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar núwa nuwa See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa nuwa nuwa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna núwa núwa inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect ʔɨ̃ːɲ, ʔɨ̃ːj inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect ʔɨ̃ːɲ See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses chiro tʃiɾó unknown also 'wife' See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo ṣ̌ano See Language page PLE *Panoan *ʔawĩβo.
Katukina aĩ-βo See Language page PLE Cf. the -bo endings on names of related groups in Panoan family.
Pacahuara 'yoṣ̌a See Language page PLE d'Orb yucha, yuča. Heath yu-sá-bu. Arm yosa.
Shipibo-Konibo aĩβo See Language page PLE
Yaminahua kɨro See Language page PLE
Chácobo yoṣ̌a yoṣ̌a inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua cadnatu kandnatu unique; unique also 'wife' See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua warmi waɾmi See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá warmi warmi See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua huarmi waɾmi See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano warmi waɾmi See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa isaju isahu unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva naaxu naːxu unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará baho'ko, dũbĩ'õ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~robi-o ~robi-o See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana carõmio kaɾɔ̃miɔ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~robio ~robio inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti baso'kó, 'dṍbĩõ baso'kó, 'dṍbĩõ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana dũ'bĩ-dõ, bã'sõ-dõ dũ'bĩ-dõ, bã'sõ-dõ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano noméó noméó See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca rõ'bõ rõ'bõ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo kã-bã'hõ-ko ('kã-rõbĩ-õ) kã-bã'hõ-ko ('kã-rõbĩ-õ) See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka dũbĩ'õ dũbĩʔõ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja nṍmĩ́õ̀ nṍmĩ́õ̀ See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje pãio pãio inheritance shared Siona See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona tˀomi-kˀo tˀomi-kˀo inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya nomio nɔmi'ɔ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana nhõnso ɲõnso unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama huaina waina inheritance? See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi waĩwĩ waĩwĩ inheritance? See Language page PLE
Aché kuǰã inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano kũɲa inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní kuɲa See Language page PLE
Sirionó kuɲa; erẽĩ kuɲa; erẽĩ inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá kujɑ̃ kujɑ̃ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina maami maami doubtful loan Spanish? See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto rḯ-ŋo rɯ́-ŋo See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto rḯ-ŋo rɯ́-ŋo See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto rï-ño rɯ-ɲo inheritance/Witotoan See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito mɨɨsáji mɨɨsáhi unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo irichanaw, ityumuka iɾiʧanaw, itjumuka See Language page Becky Walker
Wari narimaʔ narimaʔ See Language page PLE
Araona pona; mama See Language page PLE A term to indicate a woman of the opposite clan is kʷala; any woman of the opposite clan is wadi. *Tacn form is *e-pona.
Ese Ejja e-pona; e-wanasia inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-pona e-pona See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-po-na See Language page PLE
Cavineña e-pona e-pona inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara warmi (loan?) warmi See Language page PLE
Cayuvava tɔrene ~ tɔ̃rene; 'maβo See Language page PLE
Itonama wabɨʔka See Language page PLE Plural form is uʔ-wabɨ.
Kwazá etay, -tay etay, -tay See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané 'pheɲ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima kʷeya kʷeja See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai di di unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang ũ-tỹtà Φi; ũ-tə̃tə; ũ-tətə; ũ-tãtə See Language page PLE
Suyá nulmburu nulmburu See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá hãwɨɨ See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi pako pako See Language page PLE
Chipaya maataḳa; ṣ̌on See Language page PLE Cf. 'dress' 06.420. Uru-I form is urku.
Mocoví ʔaalo See Language page PLE
Pilagá yawo See Language page PLE
Toba ʔalo See Language page PLE
Lengua (in)kilana See Language page PLE The first syllable is often deleted.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité ankilwana See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet kelwaanaʔa See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay ac̷ih'naʔ See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja axwuʔ See Language page PLE
Maca efu (f.) See Language page PLE
Nivaclé niwak-če woman https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo ayo're See Language page PLE
Mapudungun θomo See Language page PLE Ranquel form is ðomo.
Qawasqar esatap See Language page PLE SpC, Gui record eɬatap; AgC, Sk, Bo record serks for Central QWS. Fi, Hy, SpS record eɬarapes for South QWS.
Selknam naʔ See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'kārkn See Language page PLE A group of women is e'nak.
Lokono hiaro hiaɾo woman Pet 1987:377 Camille Unger
Kariña woryi worɨi woman Yamada 2010:828 Camille Unger