Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

grave

Semantic Field
culture-mythology
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
tumba, sepultura, sepulcro
Meaning Portuguese
sepultura, sepulcro, cova

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source Created By
Cahuilla kuyva7al graveyard inheritance *ku7way Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 322 derived, other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979 Jane Hill
Cupeño yuv-vēl-yahsh yevilya7ash grave unique derived, other complex Merriam 48: Jane Hill
Luiseño taaxanash cemetery, grave inheritance Cupan only; Harrington collected taxanish 'cemetery' for Cupeno (3:130:140) derived, other complex Eliott 1999 Jane Hill
Gabrielino nah-heCH'; nah-hah'-met-sut grave in ground unique other complex Merriam (McCawley 1996) Jane Hill
Serrano tār'vert want'-kan-neetch; moktCH, mo'ke-haht'r, moo-ke-hat 'burial place' earth dug out, grave unique phrase Merriam 48:189, 191 Jane Hill
Kitanemuk nahkamea7nic cemetery unique derived, other complex Jane Hill
Tübatulabal tusshikāl grave, unique tūshikal 'burial place' other complex K. Hill Tub>Eng Jane Hill
Bankalachi Toloim tow-wet'te cemetery inheritance *tywi- Takic Stubbs 2011 1799 wo-haht' (burying? 'grave' at 201) other complex Merriam 49:199 Jane Hill
Kawaiisu nywy-no7o-vy graveyard unique compound, other complex person-pregnant???-ABS Zigmond et al. 1990 Jane Hill
Chemehuevi nyngkupI grave inheritance *ku7way Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 322 compound, other complex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969) Jane Hill
Southern Paiute missing missing Jane Hill
Southern Ute nuuwachipI grave, funeral, burial unique compound, other complex Charney Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone nakuuttyah grave inheritance *ku7way Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 322 derived nakuuh 'be buried' Dayley 1989 Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone naku-ppyh grave inheritance *ku7way Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 322 derived Crapo 1976 Jane Hill
Comanche nypykapy grave inheritance *ku7way Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 322 metathesis compound R Jane Hill
Western Mono tyja grave inheritance *tywi Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1799 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993 Jane Hill
Northern Paiute toohewepe tuhiwipi grave unique derived toohewe 'dig' Yerington 1987 Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok ha:me-, hame:j-aH grave unique jam:eH- Yosemite simplex Broadbent 1964 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok peTa:ja- cemetery, grave unique possible Miss cognates mean 'to drop', 'to lose' -- semantics??? simplex Callaghan 1987 Jane Hill
Plains Miwok moko:ja- grave, graveyard unique simplex Callaghan 1984 Jane Hill
Lake Miwok 7ále grave inheritance *7al:é- bury Proto-Western Miwok Callaghan 1970:87 simplex 7álle 'to bury' Callaghan 1965 Jane Hill
Maidu wónowonòm májdy támky burial ground unique tam 'bury' Shipley 1961:50 phrase Shipley 1963 Jane Hill
Nisenan missing missing Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawelmani poCH grave in ground unknown also kahn'-leu (Merriam 44:537; luk'o:l-uwo:l 'cemetery, place for burying one another' Newman 1944:167; loo-ko-loo'-sĕl 'grave in ground' Porterville Merriam 44:459 simplex *luk'ul 'bury' Merriam 44:197 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami taw'-lo grave in ground, dug by women with digging stick unknown derived Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Washo missing missing Jane Hill
Wintu q'i:laq grave inheritance *q'ilaq Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:162 derived from q'i:l 'to smear mud' Schlichter 1981 Jane Hill
Yuki pēt grave in ground (CHM) unknown simplex Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 Jane Hill
Wappo helhu:téyu place of a grave fire, funeral pyre unknown compound hel'fire Sawyer 1965 Jane Hill
Mutsun hura:ni, hu:rani grave hole unknown Merriam confirms 39:109 'grave in ground' derived hura- to dig a grave 259 Okrand 1977 Jane Hill
Esselen missing missing Jane Hill
Salinan A missing missing Jane Hill
Salinan M t'kama/tl' shallow grave unknown derived Mason 1918 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno missing missing Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno missing missing Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7ut'imay'mu graveyard, burial place unknown 7uš7eš 'grave' < dig-RESLT Mithun 1997:230 derived utimay 'to bury' Wash 2001 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7usc'ïmïčmu burial ground unknown Merriam 38:31 on-moi grave (lying place? JHH) derived ts'ïmïN 'cloud' Mamet 2008:52 Harrington 1974 Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa 7epemall graveyard unknown kem-me 'grave' CHM 38:223 derived Couro & Hutcheson 1973 Jane Hill
Cocopa (mşapás) LypawnYá:r grave unique phrase 7u:nyár 'to bury' Crawford 1989 Jane Hill
Mojave tuunyéechve grave, burial place unknown see 'cremate' derived tuunyee 'light a fire, cremate"-ch-ve Munro et al. 1992 Jane Hill
Yavapai pà:tmārčò: grave unknown derived Shaterian 1983 Jane Hill
Kiliwa mat h+nuq grave unknown phrase earth dig Mixco 1985 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) ziix hacx cmiih quih hant an iihom grave (lugar en que esta el cadaver) unknown phrase coom Moser & Marlett 2005 Jane Hill
Waorani wodi-do (IDS) unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hodï konta'ta konta'ta unique Simplex See Language page Brittany Weinstein
Kotiria masa kopa masa kopa Calque common among Vaupes languages, different forms in ET Compound masa=people; kopa=hole See Language page Tanja Baeuerlein
Cubeo jobocobe hobokobɛ unique Compound earth-hole' See Language page Tanja Baeuerlein; Alyssa Wadley
Tukano masâ pee masâ pe: Calque common among Vaupes languages, different forms in ET Compound person hole See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Maihiki tãĩ dadi jã, tãse tɨ̃tɨ ja tai dari xã, tãse tɨ̃tɨ xã unknown Also: tãse tɨ̃tɨ xã Other complex tãĩ=??; dadi=place, site. See Language page Daniel Valle
Hup hod (hole) hod (hole) unique Compound person hole See Language page Pattie Epps
Dâw dâw nũr dəw nũh missing See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Makushi uuruwai uuruwai unknown See Language page Melody Ann Ross; Alyssa Wadley
Eñepa mu'nan (MM); t-yaka eʔɲapa munta-tɔʔ (IDS) muʔnan (MM); t-yaka eʔɲapa munta-tɔʔ unknown Alternate: t-yaka eʔɲapa munta-tɔʔ See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin; Alyssa Wadley
Yukuna liri liɾi inheritance Proto Rio Negro Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana ˀbaranai ˀbaranai unknown See Language page Ana Paula B.
Baniwa iríri iɻíɻi inheritance Proto Rio Negro Simplex See Language page Ana Paula B.
Resígaro nigínoo-mú nigínoo-mú loan direction unknown Bora Simplex mu is “tube-shaped” classifier See Language page Ana Paula B.
Yir-Yoront palt earth, earth as place of burial unique Barry Alpher
Yan-nhangu baṉmarra-ŋayipul unique Claire Bowern
Dhay’yi bu:tha unique Claire Bowern
Gumatj gapany unique Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl jimbin semantic shift Claire Bowern
Yulparija kantiliny loan direction unknown Mangala Claire Bowern
Mangala kantiliny loan direction unknown Yulparija Claire Bowern
Djinang mulu unique Claire Bowern
Dhuwal munatha(') semantic shift Claire Bowern
Dhangu munatha(') semantic shift Claire Bowern
Karajarri pirri unique Claire Bowern
Ngarluma thuŋkari inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi tyarrkantiny unique Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta tyuŋkarri loan Pilbara Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu wurramu loan Makassar Claire Bowern
Walmajarri ngarpunyalangu doubtful inheritance grave for bones; <ngarpu 'father' + ? grave for bones; <ngarpu 'father' + ? Patrick McConvell
Mudburra tarlukurru loan direction unknown also hole also hole Patrick McConvell
Gurindji kurrku loan Jaru hole in ground; Jaru kurrku nyina bumpy road; also nakurr hole in ground; Jaru kurrku nyina bumpy road; also nakurr Patrick McConvell
Djapu munatha(7) semantic shift Claire Bowern
Jingulu lakutpipi inheritance burial <lakut 'bury; complex Patrick McConvell
Wardaman kontyon doubtful inheritance also ground;yimurrum graveyard Patrick McConvell
Piapoco càliculìi kàlikulìi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari rííri (R01) rííri (R01) See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero hihita-kade 'bury-place' hihita-kade 'bury-place' See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yine yomľe See Language page PLE
Paresi exawatyakala, xawatyakalati eʃawatyakala, ʃawatyakalati See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano ekari See Language page PLE
Trinitario 'ekori; ekorosi See Language page PLE
Waurá wakapɨ wakapɨ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Cha'palaa pan'dʸun Also 'uh'kun 'tu-'huru, lit. 'corpse ground-hole'. See Language page PLE
Bora níjkyeé nixkʰjeé See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane cɨ́ɨ́hójɨ (W97) kɨ́ɨ́ʔóxɨ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Wai Wai iyočho y-ewta-rɨ ijočho j-ewta-rɨ missing See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Yukpa jünkapo, súkape, tonare jɨnkapo, súkape, tonare See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Northern Emberá beu-a'ra (IDS) beu-a'ra (IDS) See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'hãɨra Refers to cemetery. See Language page PLE
Cofán atuʔtti atuʔthi phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez peda-ni kaΦ ('bury-hole') peda-ni kaΦ ('bury-hole') See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna náma-ûn (Alv44) námaʔun See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Andoke nihǝ(üw) (RW52) See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé pʰatɛ puɛ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave wat-yek wat-yek See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Ashuar jakáu iwiársamuri hakáu iwiársamuri See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna u'kumas-bau u'kumas-bau See Language page Daniel Valle
Katukina šanɨ̃ See Language page PLE
Yaminahua mai-a-βo ano Lit. 'earth-past perfect-plural + place'. See Language page PLE
Chácobo hawɨ-mai (literally "his earth", hawe means "his", mai means "earth") hawɨ-mai (literally "his earth", hawe means "his", mai means "earth") See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua bapyo bapjo See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano aya-p'ukru, aya-uchku (CP94) aja-p'ukru, aja-uchku See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa wahtmeh wahtmeh See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Tuyuka masãcope masãkope See Language page D. Jagannathan, Ana Paula B.
Siona tã yiha; tã kˀohe tã yiha; tã kˀohe See Language page Kelsey Neely
Wayampi t-ɨwɨ-kwa (Lit. 'earth-hole') t-ɨwɨ-kwa (Lit. 'earth-hole') See Language page PLE
Aché peče-pɨre ẽdatɨ See Language page PLE
Chiriguano ɲõti-a See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní t-ɨvɨ See Language page PLE
Ocaina tyaráhfo tjaráʔɸo See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Araona mec̷i See Language page PLE
Cavineña e-maho-kani (Literally "possesive-corpse hole" (e-maho is "corpse" and kani is "hole")) e-maho-kani See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara amaya See Language page PLE
Cayuvava i'pãteo See Language page PLE
Itonama makulana See Language page PLE
Mosetén-Chimané eruyætk'hin See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima koača koatʃa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Kaingang wɛ̃ɲ-key; key (IDS) wɛ̃ɲ-key; key See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi korekõ korekõ See Language page PLE
Chipaya [sipultura] From Span. 'sepultura'. See Language page PLE
Mocoví ni-šin-ḳaʔ Lit. '3p possessor-bury-open space'. See Language page PLE
Pilagá ne-sen-aḳaʔ Lit. '3pp-bury-open space'. See Language page PLE
Toba n-wačiki See Language page PLE
Lengua takhathpup See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité takhaɬpop See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet takhaaɬop See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay tˀu See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja ano (f.) See Language page PLE
Maca nimeɬuk (f.) Neologism. See Language page PLE
Nivaclé #NAME? See Language page PLE
Ayoreo du'k-oode Also 'oode. See Language page PLE
Mapudungun eltun See Language page PLE
Qawasqar ḳeyer-ḳstay From Ag. Bo records kawakwer for Central QWS. Cf. 'bury' 04.780. See Language page PLE