Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

pestle

Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor
Meaning Portuguese
mão de pilão

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla pawul pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 with increment -wul; I am making this %pah to give it 3 segments. Half the California words for mortar and/or pestle have this in them. Again, very early loan into or from NUA other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño pah-o (possessed) pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085; see discussion with Cahuilla simplex Merriam 48:501
Luiseño toopawut pestle inheritance *typpa Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 20111083 with -wut increment like in Cahuilla derived, other complex has augmentative suffix Elliott 1999
Gabrielino ah-pah'-ho pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Merriam 49:101
Serrano pāhu't pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 with -wut increment other complex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk pahut pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 with -wut increment other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal poho'wal, pohōwal pestle loan *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan WW %polwa Stubbs 2011 1085 with increment, is vowel from assim from /w/? other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim po-ho'-wel pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Yokuts WW %polwa Stubbs 2011 1085 other complex Merriam 49:189
Kawaiisu paha-ko7o pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 compound mortar-cut Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi pahaku7U mano de mortero inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 compound "ku7U cannot be used alone" JPH) Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute mu7wa-cI pestle, rock used with a mortar bowl to grind corn unknown maybe 1089 *musa? other complex mu7way 'to grind' Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone pakkun pestle (large), "long pestle" inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tsokkainompeh pestle, any object used to pound dry food unique this is with 'stone' IP compound, other complex Miller 1972
Comanche tsohkwe7 pestle (with hole in center) unique like BSVS, has 'stone, head' IP but not the same; also tyraju7ne7 (126) pestle of hardened wood knot for pounding meat or corn simplex
Western Mono podAnu cap U pestle, mano inheritance *poto Numic Stubbs 2011 1079 derived poda- to grind,pound, pulverize Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute pahagono big pestle inheritance *paha Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 1085 compound Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok kawa:-ci- pestle inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok JHH other complex nt Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok kawá:či- pestle inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Mins kawa:ci- 'stone mortar about 6 inches long' simplex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok kawa:ci long pointed pestle for acorns inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok hopa- pestle (rock), acorn pounder unique also lup:u- pestle p. 88 simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok tówaj pestle, mano, a cylindrical stone or an iron bar used as a pestle unique simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu suné pestle unique simplex Shipley 1963
Nisenan baj pestle inheritance Proto-Maiduan Callaghan 2001:322 suggests may go with Yok-Utia pha forms simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani pholwoy pestle for pounding corn inheritance Proto-Yokutsan WW %polwa Newman 1944:154 has O…O simplex Berman 2002
Yokuts Yawdanchi padui pestle inheritance Proto-Nim-Yokuts? Merriam confirms pad'-we 44:187 simplex Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Palewyami pol'-woi stone pestle inheritance WW %polwa simplex Berman 2002
Washo bíc'ik pestle, stone pestle unknown derived b- Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu sataq pestle, pounding rock inheritance *sat 'hold in hand'? Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:166 derived Schlichter 1981
Yuki k'o:l-amT pestle inheritance *k'olam Proto-North Yukian Looks P-Yukian in Elmendorf 1993 (Wappo č'ola) derived suffix -m Schlichter 1985
Wappo č'óla pestle inheritance Proto-Yukian simplex Elmendorf 1996
Mutsun hook-ke-en pestle unknown Henshaw has tu-mĕm-ca derived Merriam 39:99
Esselen kušše pestle unknown Pinart simplex Heizer 1952
Salinan A ai/ye< < is aspiration wooden pestle unknown pn-ne 'stone pestle' Merriam 38:397 derived suffix -ye Mason 1918
Salinan M pane/, p'αnE' pestle unknown note the pa- element simplex Mason 1918
Chumash Obispeno jatspu jatSiLmu pestle (lit. la mano de mortero) unknown t'spu-na/-ma, t'spu-hu-na-ma (Henshaw) phrase Harrington
Chumash Ineseno tsoo-te'-ŭk stone pestle inheritance Proto-Central Chumash Henshaw has same word; I think this REALLY looks like the B form so am going to call it cognate in spite of the t here, n in Barb. simplex Merriam 37:519
Chumash Barbareno c'uniy'ik pestle inheritance Proto-Southern Chumashan looks too much like the Henshaw Ineseno form not to call it the same derived Beeler 1978
Chumash Ventureno t'spoo pestle unknown c'uniyhïk Applegate 1973:Ch. 10-1 simplex Merriam 38:23
Iipay 'Aa 7'ehmuu esally pestle (lit. mortar's arm) unique kalymuu esally p 25 phrase Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa xmu:ká: pestle inheritance Proto-Yuman xmu: is the 'mortar' word simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave ham7ukye stone pestle for pounding mesquite beans unknown also katoove 117 simplex ham7uuche is grinding stone, mano; Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai hàvčā(:) v=beta (seems to be no difference) mano unknown simplex Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa xmaa pestle, muller unknown simplex Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) hazpéen pestle used to grind mesquite pods & seeds unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua kâh-at-naʔ kâh-at-naʔ unique Derived smash-nmlz-clːstick/tree.like See Language page
Nheengatu çukári, çuçuka (possible verb) sukári, susuka (possible? verb) unknown Alternate: susuka (possible? verb) See Language page
Waorani ao bæ̃-ĩ-ka unique Other complex ao bæ̃= crush, grind; ĩ-ka=??? See Language page
Hodï ʰtota hele ʰtota hele unique See Language page
Yanomami poo (for grinding halucinogens) po: unknown Simplex See Language page
Ninam tiša wei tiʃa wei unknown Derived pound + nominalizer See Language page
Kotiria docaadʉ dokaadʉ missing See Language page
Cubeo totaibʉ totaibɨ unknown Some similar forms in Puinave, Hoti, Orejon; may be onomatopoeic. Derived spear(v.) + Classifier bɨ See Language page
Tukano pamôga dikekɨhɨˊ pamôga dikekɨhɨʔ unique Compound dikekɨhɨʔ, “mortar” See Language page
Maihiki tou bati ja tou bati xã unknown Some similar forms in Puinave, Hoti, Cubeo; may be onomatopoeic. Compound tou 'mortar' See Language page
Hup tok teg tok teg unique same as 'mortar' Derived pound=CL:stick See Language page
Dâw sok rẽér ʃɔk hẽ̌h missing See Language page
Macaguan pemák pemák unknown Simplex See Language page
Makushi aʔyainon (SM) aʔyainon (SM) unknown See Language page
Eñepa ako yan ako jan inheritance Proto-Carib Other complex akɔ= mortar; jan= leaf See Language page
Wapishana daɨri'bai daɨri'bai unknown Other Complex -bai may be some sort of classifier? See Language page
Baniwa -tothíoko -tothíoko inheritance Likely cognate Resigaro Simplex See Language page
Resígaro tho?khoótsií tʰoʔkʰoótsií inheritance Likely cognate Baniwa Derived tʰoʔkʰoó “to grind,” -tsi “object nominalizer” -í (-hi?) “round and flat” classifier See Language page
Yir-Yoront lith-ngamayrr bottom grindstone unique With lith 'beach-stone', ngamayrr 'mother; biggest in a set'
Yulparija marrangu semantic shift kneecap kneecap
Bardi not used missing
Nyangumarta piyanapinti unique
Mangala tyuŋari inheritance
Karajarri tyuŋari inheritance
Walmajarri marangu loan direction unknown mara 'hand' +-ngu, from Pny lg to S or W mara 'hand' +-ngu, from Pny lg to S or W
Mudburra pinytyawunytya unknown WW %pintyawintya cf.piyawutya same<Jing, related cf,. Also pinytayinytya shell ornament, prob. Unrelated
Jaru pirli tyuŋarri stone muller
Gurindji marang loan direction unknown WW %marangu mara 'hand' +ngu>-ng mara 'hand' +ngu>-ng
Gooniyandi kurtu unknown kurtu - grind in Jarragan and other lgs. axe
Gajirrabeng tyintyimung unique
Jingulu tyungarri loan Mudburra WW %tyungari top grindstone, also piyawutya
Kija mantyany inheritance upper grindstone Gaj. Mir, mantalng
Miriwung mantalng inheritance Gaj same; Kija manjany
Piapoco ayáiba ajáiba See Language page
Yavitero wi'yaľ̥i wi'jaľ̥i See Language page
Wayuu iper̃a See Language page
Yine hitɨsc̷i See Language page
Paresi ˈnatse ˈnatse See Language page
Waurá ana-tɨ ana-tɨ See Language page
Cha'palaa 'aa 'ma'čuka See Language page
Bora cáánuco kʰáánɯkʰo See Language page
Muinane cábɨ́ɨ́cɨga (W97) kábɨ́ɨ́kɨga See Language page
Wayana apotop apotop See Language page
Wai Wai ak ɲiyo ak ɲijo missing See Language page
Waimiri Atroari aka aka See Language page
Northern Emberá mano (Sp loan, IDS) mano (Sp loan, IDS) See Language page
Epena kʰũ'ruma 'kʰida Lit. 'metate (mortar) tooth'. See Language page
Páez masu (Spanish loan) See Language page
Pumé to koto See Language page
Puinave tou-yu tou-ju See Language page
Ashuar nakétai nakɯtai See Language page
Aguaruna tuntuip kuntuhɨ-amu tuntuip kuntuhɨ-amu See Language page
Matses senad podo senad podo See Language page
Katukina tii a-ti See Language page
Yaminahua čači-ti See Language page
Yagua sanãse sanãse See Language page
Napo Lowland Quichua cutana kutana See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano qulluta (CP94) quʎuta See Language page
Piaroa tawawek'a tawawek'a See Language page
Tuyuka doka-ri-gɨ doka-ri-gɨ See Language page
Wayampi ɨmɨla ɨmɨla See Language page
Chiriguano ᵐbae-so-ka See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní avatisoka See Language page
Iquito suhuánaja; ajírataaja; ajátaari (moledor tradicional usado para moler la masa de masato en una batán; hecho de un bloque de madera cuadrada con dos agarradores en las puntas superiores); amuútaaja (tipo de mazo que se usa para triturar comida o barbasco) suwánaha; ahírataaha See Language page
Záparo ahiryasutaka ahirjasutaka See Language page
Araona mawic̷aha (?) See Language page
Ese Ejja mei etaxaxi See Language page
Tacana edodo-hi tomo Rock for grinding; it is large and with a curved side; tomo is 'rock'. See Language page
Cavineña mano-tako mano-tako See Language page
Kwazá mũsixu mũsixu See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané ko'čakis See Language page
Movima ɓarin-kʷa ɓarin-kʷa See Language page
Kaingang kra kra See Language page
Karajá owo See Language page
Djeoromitxi pfü ɸø See Language page
Chipaya tʰaax; txʷaax The latter is a grinding stone, used on flat surface. See Language page
Mocoví n-awio l-oʔo Lit. '3p possessor-mortar 3p possessor-master'. See Language page
Pilagá n-ʔelgek See Language page
Toba l-ʔad-aʁan-aʁat Lit. '3p possessor-punch-intrans-instrument (masc)'. See Language page
Lengua #NAME? See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yamit ankok See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet yenaanaʔ See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -ka-lah'nat Also hʷeɬek-'čaʔ, lit. 'mortar (its) instrument'. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja wilik-ikyeʔ See Language page
Maca naḳfinet (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé -xumkˀet; -ɬka-kaklɔʔ See Language page
Ayoreo ãra'ŋe See Language page
Mapudungun ɲumkuθi From Augusta 1915. See Language page
Selknam čèʔmiʔn The upper grinder. See Language page
Lokono hako-rethi hako-ɾetʰi pestle (for cassava-flour) Pet 1987:367
Kariña ako tano ako tano pestle Courtz 2007:218