Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

soldier

Semantic Field
acculturation
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
soldado
Meaning Portuguese
soldado

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla missing missing
Cupeño soldaadu soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño neqpikat soldier (fighter) unique derived, other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino missing missing
Serrano suldādu7 soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex K. Hill Dict.
Kitanemuk kwakač soldier semantic shift other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal shünnü7ash (sg.) wattam (pl.) soldier unique Spanish WW %soldado maybe from soldado??? derived, other complex K. Hill Tub>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing
Kawaiisu syna7asi soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado uncertain other complex but note syna7a-vi 'coyote', and syna- MyB Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi sonta:wI, sunta:wI soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado also su:ljatsI < English simplex Harrington's Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute so:7itstsI soldier loan English WW %soldier other complex Sapir
Southern Ute soo-cI soldier loan English WW %soldier other complex reinterpreted as having dim. Suffix Givon
Tümpisa Shoshone sojysi, sojysy soldier loan English WW %soldier Dayley not sure it's English -- intermediate language? simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tuu-kkwasun soldier (old word) semantic shift *kwasu Northern Uto-Aztecan shirt' Hill/Miller kwa-12 phrase black-clothes Crapo 1976
Comanche ekasahpana7 soldier unique compound red-chested (refers to Spanish uniform w/ red sash) R
Western Mono suntaatI7, sontaatI7 forest ranger, soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute tokwasu-ga7yoo soldier unique also oodu wehe-ga7yoo compound kwasu 'shirt' Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok sulta:to- soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok sulta:tu- soldier loan Spanish simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok sulda:du- soldiers loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok missing missing
Maidu missing missing
Nisenan sulta:nu soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani tHawTHal soldado semantic shift Proto-Yokutsan not Sp., means "killer", must be related to the tawta 'die' words derived Harrington
Yokuts Yawdanchi missing missing
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo zúlšiš soldier loan English WW %soldier simplex WJH
Wintu missing missing
Yuki šulTa:n soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Sawyer & Schlichter 1984
Wappo sólta:Do7 D is barred d soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Sawyer 1965
Mutsun súltatu soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Okrand 1977
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A missing missing
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno missing missing
Chumash Ineseno missing missing note: sululalu 'white man' 163
Chumash Barbareno sululalu soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Wash 2001
Chumash Ventureno 7emečeš soldier semantic shift Proto-Central Chumash B 7em'echesh 'army, enemies' derived Mamet 2008
Iipay 'Aa epal kuhyan soldier (one who carries a gun) unique phrase Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa xWa army, soldier, fighter, warrior semantic shift Proto-Yuman Kiliwa xwa 'warrior, enemy' simplex Crawford 1989
Mojave suultaw army, soldier loan Spanish WW %soldado simplex Munro et al. 1992
Yavapai sultá:va soldier, scout loan Spanish simplex Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa miy=kw-x+7al=u=h-7=h+uuy soldier (lit. made into a Mexican) unknown compound h+uuy is 'made' part Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) ziix quixáaza soldier, police (persona con arma) unknown phrase Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua hja-diʔ-bǔ hja-diʔ-bǔ unique same term used to mean "guerrillero" Phrase forest-non.subj-loc; 'those from the forest' See Language page
Nheengatu surara (C11) surara (C11) loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port source; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Waorani tõtado (IDS) loan Span/Port soldado WW %surara See Language page
Yanomam wayu waju unknown Simplex See Language page
Ninam sotatu sotatu loan Span/Port soldado WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Kotiria surara surara loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Cubeo churara ʈʃurara loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo See Language page
Tukano surára suɾáɾa loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Desano surara surara loan - WW %surara See Language page
Hup sudada sudada loan - WW %surara WW %surara Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Nheengatu, Yanomamo Simplex See Language page
Dâw sulaàl’ ʃulâl’ loan - WW %surara See Language page
Sikuani isimali isimali unknown See Language page
Pemon surara missing Carib? WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu See Language page
Makushi surara surara loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu See Language page
Eñepa mara'pëtëkën (MM); waaria (IDS) maraʔpëtëkën (MM); waaria (IDS) unknown Alternate: waaria See Language page
Yukuna surara suɾaɾa loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Tariana sálu sálu loan Span/Port soldado WW %surara Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Baniwa tsoráara tsʰoɻáaɻa loan - WW %surara WW %surara Port source; Via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu Simplex See Language page
Piapoco úwi, úwisàiri úwi, úwisàiri See Language page
Yavitero c̷u'rudawa (Sp loan) tsuʔrudawa (Sp loan) See Language page
Bare surudawa surudawa See Language page
Paresi sorare sorare loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Waurá sitatu sitatu loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Cha'palaa ['suu'tadu] From Span. 'soldado'. See Language page
Bora tsodáho tsʰotáʔo loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Muinane ámócasimɨnaafi (='fighter') (W97) ámókasimɨnaaɸi See Language page
Wai Wai [sowtatu]; [soča]; [surati] [sowtatu]; [soča]; [surati] loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Epena [sol'dao] See Language page
Cofán sundaro, sondaro sundaro, sondaro phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS See Language page
Candoshi-Shapra sodaro sodaro loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Taushiro chontanto ʃontanto See Language page
Páez [soldau] [soldau] See Language page
Tikuna tchúrára (Alv44) tʃúrára loan - WW %surara See Language page
Urarina sõodaro sõodaro loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Pumé guadia [Span loan] See Language page
Puinave [sotdawa] [sotdawa] loan - WW %surara See Language page
Ashuar súntar súntar See Language page
Huambisa suntar suntar See Language page
Aguaruna suntag suntag loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Katukina [saotaṣ̌i] From Port. 'soldado'. See Language page
Yaminahua [guadia] See Language page
Yagua sũtaru sũtaru loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Piaroa čurado ɨ'ca' (K76) tʃurado ɨʔtsaʔ loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Carapana soldau soldau See Language page
Tuyuka surara surara See Language page
Koreguaje sõtaoʉ sõtaoʉ loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Siona [sũtˀatˀo] [sũtˀatˀo] loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Kokama tsuntaru tsuntaru loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Wayampi -l-ɔwayã -l-ɔwayã unknown See Language page
Aché tõ ayãgi unknown See Language page
Chiriguano [suⁿdaro] loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní tetãreᵐbi'ɣʷai See Language page
Sanumá sotato sotato loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Cavineña sodaro sodaro loan Span/Port soldado See Language page
Central Aymara palʸa-palʸa See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané [son'daro] From Span. 'soldado'. See Language page
Movima solɗao (from Sp) solɗao See Language page
Trumai kaito 'warrior' kaito 'warrior' unique See Language page
Mocoví n-owaat-aʁan-aḳ le-ʔek Lit. 'prefix-watch-intrans-agent 3p possessor-member'. See Language page
Pilagá sopkilo See Language page
Lengua sel-pithtet-a-mo See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité seŋelpeɬteetamoo; seese-pyettek See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet [sõtaro] See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay [sulta]wuʔ From Span. 'soldado'. The Mataco warrior is nihu'tah wuʔ, lit. 'war-agent'. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja tokis See Language page
Nivaclé kˀafokiɬay See Language page
Ayoreo hõkara'tai; hõkara'tee See Language page
Mapudungun kon̯a Also means 'servant'. See Language page
Lokono soldaro soldaro soldier DeGoeje 1928:119
Kariña suntaty suNtatɨ soldier Courtz 2007:373