| Bankalachi Toloim |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Big Smokey Valley Shoshone |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
inheritance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cahuilla |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Sierra Miwok |
Mytilus spp. |
so-paw'-noi-yu |
|
mussels (fresh water, big kind, good) |
unique |
|
|
|
Cognate in Miss |
|
|
|
compound |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 57:463 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
Mytilus spp. |
pú·taratsI |
|
oyster, such as used to be in the river down by Blythe |
unique |
|
|
|
pu:- probably from *powa (see Mono “olivella” powa); taraci <*ta-ta-ci |
|
|
narrower (probably a fresh-water mussel only) |
other complex |
has -ci ABS, stem probably complex |
|
|
|
Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Barbareno |
Mytilus spp. |
t'o (Mary Yee in Ono); kiw |
|
mussel (O), mussels sp. (Beeler |
unique |
|
|
|
Also in Ventureno |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Ono p. 30, B eeler 1978:177 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ineseno |
Mytilus spp. |
t'i-yah |
|
mussels (fresh water) |
inheritance |
|
Central Chumash only |
|
Central Chumash |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 55:17 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Obispeno |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Chumash Ventureno |
Mytilus spp. |
ttoho; qep JPH; t'o |
|
mussels |
inheritance |
|
|
|
Also in Barbareno |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Heizer/Pinart I:60 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cocopa |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Comanche |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Esselen |
Mytilus spp. |
hakala, ha-lak-la |
|
mussel |
unique |
|
Esselen |
|
notes Plains Miwak 'atkal, Mutsun xakaw |
|
|
|
other complex |
-la classifier suffix |
-la |
|
|
Shaul 1988;695; Turner 1983:237 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
Mytilus spp. |
a-chin-ka-hi |
ʔaʔaʧi-n kaxa:y (?) |
sea museles (sic) |
unique |
|
|
|
Note Mojave 'achiily 'olivella' |
|
|
no info |
phrase |
ʔa-ʔaʧi-n kaxa:y his-pet-possessed ?-npn (see xaxa:-mo-nga “Rancho de los Verdugos”) -- I think this is inland, in Glendale area, though |
-hi:n |
classifier for worthwhile possessions |
|
Taylor in McC 273 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
meat cooked, shells saved for containers, ornament |
0 |
|
1 |
traded inland for spoons |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Iipay 'Aa |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
Mytilus spp. |
sɨɁnoho |
|
mussel |
unique |
|
|
|
-noho is "egg" from Stubbs 779 (2008:138) |
|
|
same |
phrase |
sɨɁ-noho flower?pink?-egg |
|
|
|
Zigmond et al. |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kiliwa |
Mytilus spp. |
m+la?, mla? |
|
|
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
broader (bivalve shells?) |
other complex |
m-la? archaic.adjectival.prefix-? (la? only in this word) |
|
|
|
Mixco 1985 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
Mytilus spp. |
kukunitɨ |
ˈkukunitɨ |
mussel sp. and name for beads made from it |
unique |
|
|
|
note Southern Chumash kiw “mussel” |
|
|
broader (includes the animal, the shell, and the beads) |
underived |
kukunitɨ does have reduplicated first syllable |
-niw "possession, belongings" |
possessive classifier for things |
|
Anderton 1988:367 |
no info |
2 |
shell beads used as offerings (also money) |
1 |
|
no info |
|
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
0 |
|
1 |
obtained from Chumash |
West coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Lake Miwok |
Mytilus spp. |
c' áa |
|
type of shellfish, oyster? Merriam kah'-e 57:529) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
Mytilus spp. |
wáaxal |
ʹwa:xal |
Harrington: Large species of mussel |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (a particular species of mussell) |
other complex |
ʹwa:xa-l mussel.sp-non.possessed.noun |
|
|
no info |
Elliott 1999: 1020 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
principal food for people living on coast (Sparkman 1908:198) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
shells traded inland as spoons; Lu. must have done this. Mussel nacre reported at Lake Elsinore (Grenda 1997:163) |
Pacific Coast of North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Maidu |
Mytilus spp. |
ko-do'-ko-ki |
|
freshwater mussels |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
reduplicated |
head-grasp (I suspect is same word as “clam”) |
|
|
|
Merriam 57:37 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mojave |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Mutsun |
Mytilus spp. |
xakua, xaakan |
|
mussel; Merriam confirms hah-kow (“black mussel of ocean JPH); shaul 1986:695 has xakaw Merriam 55:417 |
inheritance |
|
Southern Costanoan only |
|
In Pinart only in Co IV |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1916:428 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Nisenan |
Mytilus spp. |
ah-nah |
|
mussel (fresh water) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 57:243 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Northern Sierra Miwok |
Mytilus spp. |
7atkal-y- |
|
fresh water clams (CHM fresh-water mussels) |
inheritance |
|
Eastern Miwokan |
|
In Mip |
|
|
|
other complex |
-y nominalizer |
|
|
|
Callaghan 1987 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Plains Miwok |
Mytilus spp. |
mul7u:sa-, mulu:sa-, 7atkal |
|
oyster |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Callaghan 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan A |
Mytilus spp. |
hayék7 |
|
mussel |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:126; Turner 1980:58 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Salinan M |
Mytilus spp. |
xaiík |
|
mussel |
unique |
|
Salinan |
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Mason 1918:126 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Seri (Comcaac) |
Mytilus spp. |
satoj |
|
mussel (especially Modiolus capax) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (mainly one species of Mytelidae) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Comcaac Dictionary 555 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Serrano |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Sierra Miwok |
Mytilus spp. |
hopon:-aj- |
|
mussel |
unique |
|
|
|
cognate in Mics |
|
|
|
other complex |
-aj theme |
|
|
|
Broadbent 1964: |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Tübatulabal |
Mytilus spp. |
chono, sho'ono p. 78 |
ʧoˈno |
(freshwater) mussel, freshwater clam |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
narrower (freshwater mussel; I don't know if it includes imported “spoon” shells) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Hill 2010:17 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
“obtained near Kernville” (Voegelin 1938:11) |
no info |
|
gathered (wild) |
no info |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
|
West coast North America |
cold coastal waters |
no |
|
|
|
| Tümpisa Shoshone |
Mytilus spp. |
kwiyoto, koyoto |
|
mussel, clam, seashell |
inheritance |
*koyo |
Proto-Uto-Aztecan |
|
Stubbs 1905 has only as SUA (2008:267); and note Chumash q'oy “olivella” |
|
|
broader (bivalve shells and turtle shells?) |
underived |
but what is -to? |
|
|
|
Dayley 1989:87 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wappo |
Mytilus spp. |
kúčiš |
|
mussel |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer 1965 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Washo |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
Mytilus spp. |
wŭg-gup'-pe |
|
Fresh water mussels |
loan |
|
|
Yokuts |
Note Chukchansk ō>k “fresh-water mussels” (with a classifier) |
|
|
narrower ( only fresh-water variety) |
underived |
|
-pi |
|
|
Merriam 59:81 |
no info |
2 |
|
1 |
|
no info |
|
gathered |
all |
no info |
0 |
|
1 |
salt water mussel shells used as spoons and traded; no word found |
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Wintu |
Mytilus spp. |
L'al |
|
mussels |
inheritance |
*L'al |
Wintun |
|
Shepherd 2005 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Schlichter 1981 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yavapai |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Palewyami |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yawdanchi |
Mytilus spp. |
kŭ'-pitch |
|
fresh water mussels (Wik) |
unique |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same |
other complex |
probably has the -itch' agentibve suffix |
|
|
|
Merriam 58:371 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yokuts Yowlumne |
Mytilus spp. |
tah'-sip |
|
fresh-water mussels |
unique |
|
|
|
Merriam has several forms but they are all different |
|
|
narrower (perhaps fresh-water only) |
underived |
|
|
|
|
Merriam 58:561 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuki |
Mytilus spp. |
nawk> MW, naNk-cil B |
|
mussels |
inheritance |
*nok' |
Yukian |
|
Schlichter 1985 |
|
|
|
underived |
|
|
|
|
Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
| Yuma |
Mytilus spp. |
missing |
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
no |
|
|
|
