Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

mountain/hill

Semantic Field
environment
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
montaña, colina, loma, cerro
Meaning Portuguese
morro, serra

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Baniwa hidzápa hidzápa inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Piapoco dúli dúli See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yukuna yenuri jenuɾi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Tariana maka-pulikúda maka-pulikúda unknown See Language page Ana Paula B.
Kabiyari marena, takari marena, takari See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero yaha jaha See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana miˀdɨkʰɨu; nawaẓi miˀdɨkʰɨu; nawaẓi unknown; unknown See Language page Ana Paula B.
Mandawaka idáha idáha See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu uuči See Language page PLE Hill' is wɨtai (~wɨtali).
Yine mahka; pxita See Language page PLE Also c̷rɨpxita. Foot of h. is mahka c̷kata; slope of h. is mahka xripi; summit of h. is mahka c̷opo; hillside is mahka tamnɨ; crest of hill is mrixi.
Paresi tyairi tyairi unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano mari; masiʔi See Language page PLE
Trinitario ʔnuɣʔe mari See Language page PLE Lit. 'high rock' 01.440.
Waurá kehɨ-tɨ-kuma kehɨ-tɨ-kuma unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani piʔa piʔa See Language page John Blaha
Sape takwa takwa See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'kuyi; 'lun-'guyi See Language page PLE First form also means 'edge' 12.353. Also butʸu, 'hill'.
Bora kʰáme-kʷáxï, kʷáxïḯ, páïḯ, pʰá-kʷaxï, pʰá-ʔpaï} kʰámɛ-kʷáxɯ, kʷáxɯɯ́, páɯɯ́, pʰá-kʷaxɯ, pʰá-ʔpaɯ inheritance; inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane (-)báaɨ, -gáxɨ {gorge}, káamo-βo baaɨ́, káamo-βo-gaxɨ (-)báaɨ, -gáxɨ {gorge}, káamo-βo baaɨ́, káamo-βo-gaxɨ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio wïk (E1977) wïk (E1977) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai somohmano, ypy somohmano, ɨpɨ unique; inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana ïpï ɨpɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Carijona hɨbɨ inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Tiriyó pï(ï) pɨ(ɨ) inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Eñepa iʔ iʔ unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Makiritare hɨ̄ (IDS); hü: (KH), chu (KH) (means 'mountain', 'forest') hɨ:; tʃu (KH) inheritance; unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Makushi wɨʔ (SIL) wɨʔ (SIL) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Mapoyo yipï yipʊ See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Pemon mota (hombro, colina), wük (M2000) mota (A1981); wɨk unique; inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Wai Wai ɨɨΦɨ; matɨwɨ-n ɨɨΦɨ; matɨwɨ-n inheritance; unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari kyky kɨkɨ See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana yutu, 'jutu See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa dʒowa See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo tefu tefu unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca gua γua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí dyɨra See Language page PLE Colombia: dʸɨɨrədə; 'šibərə.
Northern Emberá eyyá, chirúa, kathumá, katumá eyyá, tʃirúa, kathumá, katumá See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena 'ee See Language page PLE
Guayabero ʔiabót, mɨax unknown; unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan tserít tseɾít unknown See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cofán ccota´cco khotaʔkho See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra machi matʃi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez achi atʃi See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna [-pɯ] (nominal root) unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina ḍzaḍzoaco unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Andoke fisi ɸiçi unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Waorani gomi unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hodï inewa (hill) unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Pumé ñãmĩ See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Tinigua paːŋga See Language page Zach Burnett
Puinave wen wen unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku wi:ke wi:ke See Language page PLE
Warao bubu (hill) bubu (hill) See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar múra mura See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa ikam ikam See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna íkam íkam inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Nukak bii3 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Kakua bak-hě [soil-mountain] unique See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Hup pǎç [=stone] pǎç [=stone] inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Dâw paás  pǎʃ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses mannan mannán inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo βaši; ma'nã See Language page PLE Also ma'tã, ma'ta (dial.); c̷ira 'tall hill, escarpment'. *Panoan *maʔči *Panoan *mana with related meanings 'above, up, upstream'.
Katukina maṣ̌i See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo ma-nã; mato; animanã See Language page PLE
Yaminahua mãči kɨya See Language page PLE Lit. 'hill tall'.
Chácobo mai-tɨmači; tɨmači; makana mai-tɨmači; tɨmači; makana inheritance; inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua musiy musij doubtful loan Tanimuca, Panoan See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua urcu uɾku See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá tula See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano orqo oɾqo See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa muɨ'Ek'a' muɨɁEkɁaɁ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva inacoho inakoʔo unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará ɨ̃'ã́-gɨ̃ See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ~gɨtaɨ ~gɨtaɨ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Cubeo cʉ̃racũ ʉ̃mʉjʉricũ, ʉ̃mʉcacũchibʉ kɨ̃lakũ ɨ̃mɨhɨlikũ, ɨ̃mɨkakũtʃibɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana buuro (hill), ʉ̃tã (mountain) ɨ̃tãɨ̃ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Desano ʉ̃tãgʉ ɨ̃tãgɨ inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Kotiria tʉ̃cʉ (Waltz) tʉ̃kʉ (Waltz) inheritance See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Makuna ~gɨtagũ̵ ~gɨtagũ̵ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti 'búuro 'búuro See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana kɨ̃dɨ̃ kɨ̃dɨ̃ See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano buúru buúru See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca pu'sia pu'sia doubtful loan, direction unknown Yagua See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo ɨ̃'tãɨ̃ ɨ̃'tãɨ̃ See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tukano yehê (hr) jehê (hr) unique See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Tuyuka ɨ̃tã-'gɨ̃ ɨ̃tã-ʔgɨ̃ See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja búľó (cerro), ɨ̃́tʰã́bùľò (montaña) búró (cerro), ɨ̃́tʰã́bùrò (montaña) See Language page Kelsey Neely
Maihiki ɨmɨ tɨtɨ ja (ɨmɨ=high) ɨmɨ tɨ̃tɨ xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Koreguaje aikũti aikhũthi inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona kupˀɨ; ku kupˀɨ; ku unknown See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya jai cuti (montaña), cotihuë (loma) hai 'kũti, kõtiwɨ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana neso neso unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Nheengatu yumbuiçawa (yumbui-lavrar, çawa-nominalizer) jumbuisawa (jumbui=lavrar, sawa=nominalizer) unique See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Wayampi ɨwɨ-tɨ Lit. 'earth-much'. inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché kuãʔã unique See Language page PLE
Chiriguano ɨwɨtɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní ɨvɨ-tɨ See Language page PLE Lit. 'earth-heap'.
Sirionó ibi ibate (Literally "earth high"; (ibi means earth)) ibi ibate inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá iˀatɨt (M2000) iˀatɨt (M2000) inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina tyavúúro (colina) tʲaβɯ́ɯ́ro (colina) unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto kaipó-ne-du, íperï kaipó-nɛ-du, ípɛrɯ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto kaiɸó-ne-du, íɸerï kaiɸó-nɛ-du, íɸɛrɯ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto a-ne-du, i-du a-nɛ-du, i-du unknown See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Ninam olina, teremi (EM72), maamak (EM72) olina, teɾemi, ma:mak loan; unique; inheritance Spanish See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomam hefu (EM72), maamak (EM72) hefu, ma:mak inheritance; inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami hehu, makɨ (EM72) hehu, makɨ (EM72) inheritance; inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sanumá heu (EM72), maamakɨ (EM72) heu, maamakɨ inheritance; inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Iquito aniníiqui aniníiki unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo tuanaha tuanaha See Language page Becky Walker
Wari pakun See Language page PLE Lit. 'rock' 01.440.
Araona ewašokʷe See Language page PLE Also ewa-tihi-tihi. Cf. 'thumb' 04.342.
Ese Ejja e(y)iyo inheritance See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo ebawa ebawa See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana e-mata; moroko See Language page PLE The former also means 'forehead' 04.205.
Cavineña owa-kʷemoso; e-mata (owa means "earth") owa-kʷemoso; e-mata inheritance? See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara qollu ḳulʸu See Language page PLE
Cayuvava rɔ'retui See Language page PLE Means 'raised land, hill'.
Kwazá tsuritsatu tsuritsatu See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané mœ'kæ See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE
Movima ɗuɗuʔ-kʷa ɗuɗuʔ-kʷa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Kaingang pãnònh krĩ; pãnɔɲ; sɔr See Language page PLE
Karajá hãwãlɔ See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi uri uri See Language page PLE
Chipaya kuru See Language page PLE Also čˀutu, a large or small mound; pata means 'small hill'.
Mocoví soʁonaʁa See Language page PLE
Pilagá ḳasoʁonaʁa See Language page PLE
Toba ḳasoʁonaʁa See Language page PLE Cf. 'lightning' 01.550.
Lengua inkyiɬe See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité mitaimoŋ See Language page PLE Same as 'stone, rock' 01.440.
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet eŋkeɬe; mataymoŋ See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay tače'nah See Language page PLE
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja takixnakiʔ See Language page PLE
Maca utek (f.) See Language page PLE 'Mountain ridge' is utek-et. Cf. 'stone' 01.440.
Nivaclé ute-yuk mountain, hill https://ids.clld.org/ PLE Lit. 'rock-nominalizer suffix'.
Ayoreo oro'ko-daa'te See Language page PLE daa'te is 'mother', with the meaning of 'big'. Also oro'ko.
Mapudungun wiŋkul mapu See Language page PLE Ranquel form is mawiða.
Qawasqar arḳa-ḳʰar See Language page PLE Bo and Gui record the same for Central QWS. Cf. 'sky' 01.510; 'up' 12.080. Also wes-kʰar; cf. 'earth' 01.210.
Selknam kˀoyin See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'gēwt See Language page PLE Means 'hill'. Also 'yerwn.
Lokono holholho hoɽoɽo mountain Pet 1987:364 Camille Unger
Kariña paranka paranka hill; mountain Yamada 2010:788 Camille Unger