Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

string of shell money

Semantic Field
other
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla qičił nepaane H&N 166 money inheritance *koCti/a Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2016; Merriam has he-sahCH-wel (hisaxvel 'belongings', abalone) 48:335 other complex Seiler & Hioki 1979
Cupeño mōk-yet, wampum inheritance *koyo Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2015; what is the mo-? other complex Merriam 48:497
Luiseño sinaval money unique other complex Elliott 1999
Gabrielino awverot (H) wampum (long string of it), abalorios (H 456) unique also ho-pe-hah, of small shells, worth more than big other complex Merriam 49:97
Serrano ŋyçka' beads, ceremonial beads unknown maybe related to Cupeno nengu7ish 'rich'???CHM has oor'-kah pwah'-kak, oor'r-kah 'wampum. Indian money' 48:173 other complex
Kitanemuk tukuhpač wampum (Merriam's def) inheritance *tukuC-pa Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 2011 2032b, related to (a) "sky"; same as 'bead' other complex Anderton 1988
Tübatulabal ōyatt money unique other complex K. Hill Tb>Eng
Bankalachi Toloim missing missing
Kawaiisu hii-by money inheritance *hini Numic Stubbs 2011 2283; see Chemehuevi "bead"; probably a "belongings" word other complex Zigmond et al. 1990
Chemehuevi missing missing
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute missing missing
Tümpisa Shoshone namokku(n) money loan *nammakku Numic unknown WW %waku See also T. sho namokku(n) 'money', Comanche 'clothes'; W. Mono naawakU 'string of shell money', N. Paiute namakko 'old kind of beads; also hoi-yah, ahts-ă-kan-nah red & blue beads, probably Hudson Bay Merriam 45:303 simplex with -ttsi, "beads" Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone missing missing
Comanche missing missing
Western Mono naawAku, nawAku money, traditional shell money loan *nammakku Numic unknown WW %waku See also T. sho namokku(n) 'money', Comanche 'clothes'; W. Mono naawakU 'string of shell money', N. Paiute namakko 'old kind of beads; also hoi-yah, ahts-ă-kan-nah red & blue beads, probably Hudson Bay Merriam 45:303 simplex Loether & Bethel 1993
Northern Paiute namakko 'old kind of beads' loan unknown WW %waku
Southern Sierra Miwok ke:ha- money loan Yokuts WW %kys also pila:ta < Spanish plata 'silver' simplex Broadbent 1964
Central Sierra Miwok missing missing
Northern Sierra Miwok ci:tepa- abalone shell, clam shell, clam, abalone shell ornaments inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok Mip ci:tepa 'there is some doubt as to whether this is Plains Miwok' (Callaghan 1984) simplex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok ci:tepa- abalone shell, seashell, Indian money inheritance Proto-Eastern Miwok "There is some doubt as to whether or not this is Plains Miwok"; identical in Mins simplex Callaghan 1984
Lake Miwok t'úpşeTi a short string of beads unknown probably loan with the t' other complex tup- 'to break horizontally Callaghan 1965
Maidu shŭ-lip'-pim wampum of Washington Clam unique other complex has -im suffix Merriam 41:273
Nisenan howwo, howo beads; wampum (in English index) loan Northern Sierra Miwok WW %waku Ultan 1964:368 (????) says is inheritance but see note on 'bead' simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani k'e:xa7 money loan into protolanguage *k'e:xa7 Proto-Nim-Yokuts Takic WW %kys simplex Golla 1964
Yokuts Yawdanchi k'ö:xa beads, shell beads (276) loan into protolanguage *k'e:xa7 Proto-Nim-Yokuts Takic WW %kys Golla 1964; same as 'money' in Yawelmani; Merriam 44:181 has mo-jo'-kaw and ho-man'-nah 'wampum'; the latter of rabbit bones Merriam 44:487 simplex Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Palewyami paw'-li wampum, money of shell inheritance Proto-Yokutsan Yawelmani pholay 'small beads' simplex Berman 2002
Washo bila:da7 money loan Spanish WW %plata simplex Washo Project Dictionary
Wintu topi beads, money unknown simplex perhaps from top 'used'" (Pitkin) Schlichter 1981
Yuki hus-sahl wampum (clam-shell beads) inheritance *hës Proto-North Yukian Yok-Utian WW %kys derived Schlichter 1985
Wappo missing missing
Mutsun ah'-tah wampum unknown Okrand hine:ru 100, 181 simplex Merriam 39:95
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A missing missing e/nex 'bead measure' 135
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno ł'anaquču money inheritance 7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum Proto-Chumashan I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C derived JPH writes L'anaqutsu at 430 Klar 1977
Chumash Ineseno 7alčHum H is superscript money inheritance 7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum Proto-Chumashan I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C derived Klar 1977
Chumash Barbareno 7ančum money inheritance 7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum Proto-Chumashan I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C. The string itself is /pux/ (Wash 2001:131) derived Klar 1977, Beeler 1978:172
Chumash Ventureno 7al-cHum (Mamet has 7ančum p. 37) money inheritance 7ala-qu-Cum, *ana-qu-Cum Proto-Chumashan I disagree; cognacy is not perfect and shell money is too late to be P-C derived Klar 1977
Iipay 'Aa kwellyhiiw silver, money, coins unknown oom-pās-klitch Merriam 38:209 simplex Couro & Hutcheson 1973
Cocopa missing missing
Mojave missing missing
Yavapai missing missing
Kiliwa missing missing
Seri (Comcaac) missing missing