Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

golden eagle

Semantic Field
flora-fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
Meaning Portuguese

Languages

Language Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim Aquila chrysaetos tro'-kil Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) loan Yokuts Wikchamni tro-hid'; tro-hwid'; to-whid'; Tinlinne troCHil'; Yowlumne troCH-il; same underived C. H. Merriam 72-77, 60-453 1 2 0 0 1 no
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone Aquila chrysaetos kwinaa; eagle, also generic for any large bird (M:Golden eagle (Aquila) inheritance *kwi'na Numic Stubbs 717b (2008;131) Western, Central Numic; this adds “big” in “modern” form same underived Crapo 1976:110, 127 1 2 0 0 1 no
Cahuilla Aquila chrysaetos ʔáswet ˈʔaswet eagle inheritance *ʔasa-wɨ-ta Californian S719 (Stubbs 2009:131);l note Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, a possible source? Check cognacy on this form. Old, if a loan, since Kitanemuk has /h/ for *s same derived -wet is surely the augmentative. I've always thought this was from -7ash "pet", with this being the prototypical human-associated animal. Bill Bright did not agree. -7aʃ “pet” Possessive classifier -7aʃ wikikmal ? Seiler&Hioki 1979:16 Golden Eagle is a Coyote Moiety animal (Strong 1929:109) 1 Eagles ceremonially raised and killed at Eagle Dance (see Strong 1929:83-4); feathers used in dance skirts, headdresses. Buried with people, according to Merriam's informants. 2 Bean 1972:60 says eagles not eaten. 1 feathers used for shaman's wands, fans hunted Men eaglets captured and kept alive, raised to maturity for the dance. Feathers used for eagle-feather ceremonial skirts. 0 1 Eagle-feather skirts were traded All North America They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting no
Central Sierra Miwok Aquila chrysaetos wíp:aja:ky- eagle inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, Mip other complex -y nominalizer Freeland & Broadbent 1960 1 2 0 0 1 no
Chemehuevi Aquila chrysaetos mung', mung-ā-puts, mung-im'-puts ˈməŋI, məŋímpetsI JPH Golden eagle (Aquila) inheritance Southern Numic only also in Kawaiisu same underived Merriam 59:525 1 2 0 0 1 no
Chumash Barbareno Aquila chrysaetos slow' eagle unique Central Chumash only underived Beeler 1978:183 clan symbol (Applegate p. 452) 1 2 0 0 1 no
Chumash Ineseno Aquila chrysaetos slow' eagle inheritance Central Chumash only Central Chumash underived Applegate 246; clan symbol (Applegate p. 452) 1 2 0 0 1 no
Chumash Obispeno Aquila chrysaetos missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
Chumash Ventureno Aquila chrysaetos slo aguila real (JPH) inheritance Central Chumash only Central Chumash underived Merriam 55:41; JPH III:69:0080 from FL) clan symbol (Applegate p. 452) 1 2 0 0 1 no
Cocopa Aquila chrysaetos špa eagle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Mojave M. ɂaspa same underived Crawford 1989 1 2 0 0 1 no
Comanche Aquila chrysaetos kwihnai eagle inheritance *kwi'na Northern Uto-Aztecan Stubbs 717b (2008;131), Western, Central Numic same underived Robinson & Armagost 1990:163 1 2 0 0 1 no
Cupeño Aquila chrysaetos ashwet ˈʔaʃwət eagle inheritance *ʔasa-wɨ-ta Californian S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); this is possibly a Yuman loan, Proto-Yuman is something like *ashpa same derived ˈʔaʃ-wə-t pet-big-npn (although this is controversial, Kroeber thought this was correct for Luiseño) -ʔaʃ "pet" possessive classifier for animals not a mukikmal as far as I know Hill & Nolasquez 1973:151 no info 1 killed in Eagle Ceremony; skirts for dance made of eagle feathers 2 no info hunted men eaglets captured and raised, eagle killed by suffocation at dance, feathers plucked for skirts, headdresses, wands 0 1 eagle feather regalia bought and sold North America They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting no
Esselen Aquila chrysaetos missing missing missing 1 2 0 0 1 no
Gabrielino Aquila chrysaetos 7a$awt ʔaˈşawt Golden eagle inheritance *ʔasa-wɨ-ta Californian S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); I think a Proto-Yuman form something like *?aspa, ?ashpa needs to be considered as a source here. same derived ʔaˈşa-w-t ? (pet?)-augmentative-npn -ʔaʧ “pet possessive classifier for animals Harrington 066 no info 1 eagle ceremony, feathers in dance regalia; eagle road connects heaven and earth 2 McC does not mention but is Chingichngish animal no info hunted men eaglets captured and raised for eagle ceremony, feathers kept for ceremonial regalia 0 1 feathers used in regalia, traded North America They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting no
Iipay 'Aa Aquila chrysaetos ɂihpaa eagle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Kiliwa ti?payu same underived Couro & Hutcheson 1973 1 2 0 0 1 no
Kawaiisu Aquila chrysaetos muhni eagle inheritance Southern Numic Chemehuevi ˈməŋI same underived Zigmond et al. 1 2 0 0 1 no
Kiliwa Aquila chrysaetos ti?payu Golden Eagle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note 'Iipay Aa ɂihpaa same underived “probably from *?+mat=?=ipa-y-u Earth Being, a deity Mixco 1985 1 2 0 0 1 no
Kitanemuk Aquila chrysaetos ʔahɨŋt ˈʔahɨŋt eagle inheritance Californian S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); note Yuman forms, perhaps Proto-Yuman *?as/shpa, as a possible source. But given this regular s>h, an early loan if a loan same other complex ʔahɨŋ-t golden.eagle-npn -ʔacit "pet" possessive classifier for animals Anderton 1988:265 no info 1 feathers in ritual regalia; killed in Eagle Ceremony 2 unlikely was eaten no info hunted men eaglets raised, smothered in dance, feathers kept 0 1 probably feather regalia traded North America They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting no
Lake Miwok Aquila chrysaetos şúul eagle , bald eagle(et) loan Hill Patwin 1965:150 probably Hill Patwin su:l “eagle”; and note SE Pomo, E. Pomo sul “condor” underived Callaghan 1965 1 2 0 0 1 no
Luiseño Aquila chrysaetos á$wut ʹɁaşwut eagle inheritance *ʔasa-wɨ-ta Californian S719 (Stubbs 2009:131); consider Yuman forms like ?aspa, ?ashpa, ?ihpaa ('Iipay Aa); something like this is Proto-Yuman same derived ʹɁaş-wu-t ?-augmentative-non.possessed.noun; Kroeber thought 7a$- referred to first menses; hence Eagle embodies life-giving principle (White 1963:141). But Kroeber & Grace 1960:80 derive from -7ash “pet”. -ʔaʃ "pet" possessive classifier; NPN form of noun is ʔaʃla uncertain if is 7ehéngmal Elliott 1999:134 no info 1 Eagle Killling Ceremony, feathers in dance costumes, couplet 7a$wut, waanawut “eagle, net.connectin.heaven and earth (Harrington) 2 not eaten (Kroeber 1925:652) no info hunted men fledglings raised to maturity, killed in ceremony, fathers kept for dance skirts 0 1 eagle-feather dance skirts a very expensive trade item North America They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting no
Maidu Aquila chrysaetos kák'a eagle unique other complex -a is a stem former Shipley 1963 1 2 0 0 1 no
Mojave Aquila chrysaetos ɂaspa eagle inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Co. špa same underived Munro et al.1992 1 2 0 0 1 no
Mutsun Aquila chrysaetos she'-re golden eagle inheritance Costanoan Pinart has in Co III, IV underived Mason 1916:427; Merriam 55:407 1 2 0 0 1 no
Nisenan Aquila chrysaetos pej eagle unique underived Uldall & Shipley 1966 1 2 0 0 1 no
Northern Paiute Aquila chrysaetos kwēt'-nah; kwid-nah kwi'naa (Thornes 2003:53) Golden eagle (Aquila) inheritance *kwi'na Numic Stubbs 717b same underived Merriam 61:137 1 2 0 0 1 no
Northern Sierra Miwok Aquila chrysaetos wip:aja:k-y- eagle inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, MIP other complex -y nominalizer Callaghan 1987 1 2 0 0 1 no
Plains Miwok Aquila chrysaetos wip:akah, wihpakah Golden eagle inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis underived Callaghan 1984 1 2 0 0 1 no
Salinan A Aquila chrysaetos sáyo7 eagle unique Salinan underived Mason 1918:124; Turner 1980:72 1 2 0 0 1 no
Salinan M Aquila chrysaetos snai eagle unique Salinan other complex -n- is some kind of infix here; Turner doesn't discuss Mason 1918:124 1 2 0 0 1 no
Seri (Comcaac) Aquila chrysaetos zep Golden eagle unique Note Delta-California Yuman ?espa ??? A connection? same underived Comcaac Dictionary 615 1 2 0 0 1 no
Serrano Aquila chrysaetos ahyrngt eagle inheritance Californian S719 (Stubbs 2008:131); note Yuman forms, perhaps Proto-Yuman *7as/shpa, as a possible source. But given this regular *s > n, if this is a loan it was very early in Takic other complex -t NPN KCHill ms 2001:2 1 2 0 0 1 no
Southern Paiute Aquila chrysaetos qwan·atsI Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) inheritance Southern Numic only Stubbs 717a (2008:131), really looks like *kwi'na, and like other UA *kwa words, but problems same other complex has -tsi ABS (showing clearly this is not a diminutive but homophonous with it) Sapir 1930:646 1 2 0 0 1 no
Southern Sierra Miwok Aquila chrysaetos wip:ajaHk- eagle inheritance Eastern Miwokan In all Mis, MIP underived Broadbent 1964: 1 2 0 0 1 no
Southern Ute Aquila chrysaetos kwaná-cI eagle inheritance Southern Numic only Stubbs 717a (2008:131), really looks like *kwi'na, and like other UA *kwa words, but problems same other complex has -ci ABS Givon 1979 1 2 0 0 1 no
Tübatulabal Aquila chrysaetos āshawwütt ʔa:ʃaˈwɨt (golden) eagle, Aquila chrysaetos inheritance *ʔasa-wɨ-ta Californian S719 (Stubbs 2009:131) same derived ʔa:ʃa-ˈwɨ-t eagle-augmentative-npn Hill 2010:11 no info 1 a story character and “a chief in the mythical age” (Voegelin 1938:21); feathers in wands, armlets 2 “A difference of opinion” (Voegelin 1938:12) no info hunted men eaglets captured and raised for feathers; birds set free when too big and scary to handle (Voegelin 1938:21). Adult eagles snared and killed for feathers 0 1 North America They like cliffs, tall trees for nesting no
Tümpisa Shoshone Aquila chrysaetos kwinaa eagle, large bird inheritance *kwi'na Proto-Numic Stubbs 717b (2008:131), looks almost like kwi'-says ?? which would explain why it isn't kwana as expected. This is actually only Western, Central Numic. Southern has kwana broader (can refer to other large raptors) underived Dayley 1989:83 1 2 0 0 1 no
Wappo Aquila chrysaetos lolopátih eagle (CHM lĕh'-pit; lĕ-pits 52:569) unique reduplicated Sawyer 1965 1 2 0 0 1 no
Washo Aquila chrysaetos pat'álŋi7 golden eagle unique phrase -t'álŋiɁ also appears in “bat”; meaning of pa- unknown Merriam 55:231; WPD 1 2 0 0 1 no
Western Mono Aquila chrysaetos kwi'na' Golden eagle inheritance *kwi'na Proto-Numic Stubbs 717b (2008:131), looks almost like kwi'-says ?? which would explain why it isn't kwana as expected. This is actually only Western, Central Numic. Southern has kwana same onomatopoeic kwi'-na' kwi'-it.says Bethel et al.:61 Eagle was totem of chiefly families and synonymous with the office (Gayton 2:270); in Moiety I (Kroeber 1925:588) (only Northfork had moieties); Eagle gave each group its type of basket (Gifford p. 26); Gifford gives yayanchi as name of Eagle moiety “one 1 captive eagles displayed, danced over (Spier 1978:427),people paid to see them (Gifford 39), eagle down sold by chiefs, eagle leg & claw traded (Gayton) 2 1 eagle down powerful (Gayton) hunted men no info (for feathers) 0 1 chiefs could sell eagle down, eagle leg + claw ; captive eagles “sold from place to place”, never killed in ceremony (Gifford p. 39; Northfork people did not buy eagles but caught there own and sold them south or to Chukchansi no
Wintu Aquila chrysaetos L'uk (bald?) eagle (Pitkin has for “eagle”), worm; see “Other notes” (Merriam confirms 56:7), but also has Pitkin's k'acet “white-headed bald eagle” semantic shift *L'uk “worm” Wintun Shepherd 2005; Pitkin says means “worm” because unauthorized person who takes eagle or feathers will get worms. However Golla (1997:162) following Liedtke thinks it may be cognate with Alsea Li:q-iy-s “feather”, Li:x “tail feather”, and Wintu L'uq-e “pl underived Schlichter 1981 1 2 0 0 1 no
Yavapai Aquila chrysaetos ɂsá eagle unique unknown Shaterian 1983 1 2 0 0 1 no
Yokuts Palewyami Aquila chrysaetos pa'-sah (Merriam), bò uca (Kroeber) golden eagle unique Hometwoli in Kroeber is baâc, only resemblant form. pa- has a UA feel to it, but uncertain same underived could this be pa-witsa “big bird” in a Takic language??? Merriam 58:521; Kroeber 1961:203 1 2 0 0 1 no
Yokuts Yawdanchi Aquila chrysaetos Doxid; tcoxit (220 from spec.) Tohit' eagle inheritance Nim-Yokuts In all Kroeber except Pal., Homet. (Tulamni missing) same underived Kroeber 1961:202 1 2 0 0 1 no
Yokuts Yowlumne Aquila chrysaetos T'Oxil eagle inheritance Nim-Yokuts In all Kroeber except Pal., Homet. (Tulamni missing) same underived Newman 1944:217 1 2 0 0 1 no
Yuki Aquila chrysaetos sahol' A, F eagle, MW: red-tailed hawk, with sah' as “eagle MWO inheritance *sahol', *sah Yukian Schlichter 1985 other complex Schlichter diss says -ol short for -mol agentive Sawyer & Schlichter 1984 1 2 0 0 1 no
Yuma Aquila chrysaetos es-spah' Golden eagle (Aquila) inheritance Proto-Yuman Note Co. špa unknown Merriam 61:455 1 2 0 0 1 no