Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

club

Semantic Field
subsistence tool
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
garrote, cachiporra
Meaning Portuguese
clava, porrete

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
Cahuilla naxat club inheritance *naka-ta Californian (Takic plus Tubatulabal) Mountain Cahuilla (Cahuilla Valley) other complex Merriam 48:421
Cupeño pawxan (poss) bat, club unique is this related to waqal 'spear'?? simplex Hill & Nolasquez 1973
Luiseño wotilash bat, club, chopping block unique derived, other complex from 'beat' Elliott 1999
Gabrielino missing missing
Serrano missing missing
Kitanemuk missing missing
Tübatulabal missing missing
Bankalachi Toloim wē'Kset, wo'-set small k above s; wo-set at 191 club unknown other complex Merriam 49:187,191
Kawaiisu missing missing
Chemehuevi tyvO macana unknown could this be the typa 'pestle' word??? simplex Harrington Chemehuevi Noun List (K. Hill 1969)
Southern Paiute missing missing
Southern Ute missing missing
Tümpisa Shoshone poton, potottsi cane, staff, digging stuck, club, crutches, stick used as tool inheritance *potto Numic Hill/Miller po-12 'pound' simplex Dayley 1989
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone pia-7anni-nymphy big club unique ty-7anni-nympyh 'small club compound, derived 7annih 'to fall' Crapo 1976
Comanche wahta pole, club unique simplex Robinson & Armagost 1990
Western Mono koo-doo' club inheritance *kuta Uto-Aztecan stick word simplex Merriam 45:307
Northern Paiute wutsaganoo wytsaganu hitting instrument unique paw'-ro, par-ro Merriam 46:365 Bishop (podo?) derived wutsaga7hoo 'kill with bat' Yerington 1987
Southern Sierra Miwok missing missing
Central Sierra Miwok Tak-ja- to club inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok see Misn other complex Freeland & Broadbent 1960
Northern Sierra Miwok Takaj:a- switch; whip; bat; swatter (derived vb means 'to club') inheritance Proto-Sierra Miwok Mics Tak-ja 'to club' other complex Callaghan 1987
Plains Miwok missing missing
Lake Miwok líja club unique simplex Callaghan 1965
Maidu missing missing
Nisenan mëllë club loan Northern Sierra Miwok simplex Uldall & Shipley 1966
Yokuts Yawelmani missing missing
Yokuts Yawdanchi wot: stick (for hitting with) unknown wut-tuts 'club' Wikchamni (Porterville) Merriam 44:445; looks like Takic *wyt, probably coincidence derived truncated verbal noun Kroeber 1907
Yokuts Palewyami missing missing
Washo missing missing
Wintu p'oLču:m L is barred l knobbed club (Schlichter), hammer-like weapon (Pitkin) inheritance *pHo -*č'us Proto-Wintun Shepherd 2006:83, 144 derived Pitkin 1985
Yuki missing missing
Wappo missing missing
Mutsun missing missing
Esselen missing missing
Salinan A missing missing simplex
Salinan M missing missing
Chumash Obispeno missing missing
Chumash Ineseno missing missing
Chumash Barbareno missing missing
Chumash Ventureno wïpï7ïš club unknown also wikalï7ïš derived Applegate 1973 ms
Iipay 'Aa hahm-po club unknown simplex Merriam 38:213
Cocopa LaxWá:y war club unknown simplex xWa 'soldier, warrior' Crawford 1989
Mojave missing missing
Yavapai pà:7āvi club unknown simplex verb is the same Shaterian 1983
Kiliwa t-h+nyuu=7+uha7 war club (lit. kill=stone) compound Mixco 1985
Seri (Comcaac) hehe plant, bush, tree, wood, stick, club, staff of office unknown simplex Moser & Marlett 2005
Kakua baw-at dã (H&R) missing See Language page
Waorani kãta (IDS) unique See Language page
Yanomami himo, naprushi, parimi, hipë (MM07) himo, napruʃi, parimi, hipə (MM07) inheritance Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam Alternate: napruʃi, parimi, hipə Simplex See Language page
Yanomam napɾuʃi, himo napɾuʃi, himo inheritance Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam Alternate: napɾuʃi Simplex See Language page
Kotiria yukùkù si yukùkù si unknown See Language page
Cubeo pidãibã-jo (Chacon) pidãibã-jo (Chacon) war club unknown Classifier -jo 'long and sharp' See Language page
Dâw beebaáx bæbǎx missing See Language page
Sikuani wakapa wakapa unknown See Language page
Macaguan kuérbot kuérbot loan Arawak? See Language page
Akawaio wa'tana (C-F 2003) waʔtana war club unknown Compare Yucuna kuhjuwaʔala See Language page
Makushi aroʔ missing Compare Nadeb RN kawi.daɾo See Language page
Eñepa iye ije unknown See Language page
Yukuna kujyuwa'ala kuhjuwaʔala unique See Language page
Wapishana t͡ʃʰipʰirari t͡ʃʰipʰirari semantic shift from 'axe' (%sipara) WW %sapara Via Pemon supararii; see also Akawaio suubararii; other Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) Simplex See Language page
Resígaro avéana-í (stick) avéana-í (stick) semantic shift See Language page
Paresi enatyahola enatyahola See Language page
Ignaciano -'epučiriki Also 'epuči'rikire. See Language page
Waurá watuku watuku See Language page
Muinane gáihuɨdaahe (W97) gáiʔuɨdaaʔe See Language page
Tiriyó (si)warapa (si)warapa See Language page
Wai Wai watma watma missing See Language page
Yukpa némak némak See Language page
Muisca tamyxiquy tamɨʃikuɨ See Language page
Epena pa'kʰuru 'hua Also means 'limb of a tree'. See Language page
Páez pekwe-ni-sa (pekwe 'hit with a stick') pekwe-ni-sa (pekwe 'hit with a stick') See Language page
Andoke buʌ-sé (from buʌ 'hit') buʌ-sé (from buʌ 'hit') See Language page
Pumé to koto See Language page
Puinave pon pon See Language page
Ashuar shingki chapamamu, makan (Sp. macana) ʃingki tʃapamamu, makan (Sp. macana) See Language page
Aguaruna kačuim katʃuim See Language page
Nukak baakatnaʔ See Language page
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect kawi.daɾo See Language page
Kakataibo ino sɨkʷɨrɨnti, ṣ̌ɨkʷɨrɨn-ti (dial.) 'club, hammer'. *Panoan *wino. See Language page
Katukina hino See Language page
Yaminahua to koto See Language page
Chácobo hiwi čipo; hiwi ṣ̌atɨ (hiwi means "wood") hiwi čipo; hiwi ṣ̌atɨ (hiwi means "wood") See Language page
Yagua jiivũsetá xiiwũsetá See Language page
Quechua Ayacuchano maqana, k'aspi (CP94) maqana, k'aspi See Language page
Piaroa daú' daúɁ See Language page
Karitiana nhẽpỹrỹg ñẽpɨ̃rɨ̃g See Language page
Wayampi βino βino See Language page
Chiriguano ɨwɨra-puᵑga See Language page
Paraguayan Guaraní vororei; takape See Language page
Sirionó ðohe ðohe See Language page
Ocaina dyacoovo (from dyaa 'stick') djakooβo (from djaa 'stick') See Language page
Nɨpode Witoto bɯ́gɯ bɯ́gɯ See Language page
Minica Witoto bɯ́gɯ bɯ́gɯ See Language page
Murui Witoto gáiʔuɨdaaʔe gáiʔuɯdaaʔe See Language page
Wari mapao' (E&K97) mapaoʔ (E&K97) See Language page
Araona soe See Language page
Central Aymara jawq'aña (P04) xawq'aña (P04) See Language page
Itonama a-bɨte See Language page
Kwazá nwãrã nwãrã See Language page
Mosetén-Chimané we'kitč See Language page
Movima koʔ-pin̉ koʔ-pin̉ See Language page
Trumai hoahoa, nai hoahoa, nai unique See Language page
Kaingang ka kɨw; ka mrãr (IDS) ka kɨw; ka mrãr See Language page
Canela kʰo Cf. 'staff' 19.250. See Language page
Mocoví ne-pon See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité yohoŋ; yaʔyeem-waahek See Language page
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet wino See Language page
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay -tˀ-ah-'nat Includes the verb y-ah, 'hit with club'. Also -ka-etek-'tah, possibly from 'head-large'; characteristic of a short club (less than one meter) are the large and small nodules on the ends. See Language page
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -kyuʔ xletek See Language page
Maca kˀapˀaxiɬeyɬaʔ (m.) See Language page
Nivaclé #NAME? See Language page
Ayoreo o'ge Non-possessed form is gan̥i'meei. See Language page
Mapudungun mamɨlʸ See Language page
Lokono mussi mussi a club DeGoeje 1928:154
Kariña putu putu club Yamada 2010:797