Nivaclé

Family
Matacoan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
cag
Location
-22.86°, -61.76°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Data Sources
Seelwische, José & Nélida N. Stell. 2007. Nivaclé. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. https://ids.clld.org/


Basic Vocabulary (191)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
above encima, arriba acima location čišam; -apeʔ up, above; up, above https://ids.clld.org/
and y e grammar https://ids.clld.org/
ash ceniza(s) cinzas environment šnomax ashes Arribeños dialect has snomax. https://ids.clld.org/
at en, a em, a location https://ids.clld.org/
back espalda costas body -ɔyiʔš back Arribeños dialect is -aklaʔ. https://ids.clld.org/
bad mal mal quality sas; n-is-a bad https://ids.clld.org/
belly barriga barriga body -kkˀapoʔ stomach https://ids.clld.org/
below abajo, debajo abaixo location šičam down, below https://ids.clld.org/
big grande grande quality ux; kaxu large, big; large, big https://ids.clld.org/
black negro preto colour yakut black https://ids.clld.org/
blood sangre sangue body -woyey blood https://ids.clld.org/
boil/pimple espinilla, granos espinha, borbulha body naway-ši; wooyši boil Noun https://ids.clld.org/
bone hueso osso body -nuʔ bone https://ids.clld.org/
breast pecho, seno peito body -axte breast (of woman) https://ids.clld.org/
child niño, niña criança human taɔklax child https://ids.clld.org/
cloud nube nuvem environment wɔseʔ; wɔsei cloud Respectively: sing.; plural. Arribeños dialect has wase. Cf. 'sky' 01.510. https://ids.clld.org/
cold frío frio quality kˀuy-ši; taxun cold https://ids.clld.org/
correct/true verdad, de veras verdade quality yiwoy-eš-čˀe right, correct https://ids.clld.org/
day día dia time naɬu day https://ids.clld.org/
dirty sucio sujo quality sas; saȼˀaʔs; šekley dirty, soiled https://ids.clld.org/
dingo/wolf fauna wawo wolf https://ids.clld.org/
dry seco seco quality klaxɔx dry https://ids.clld.org/
dull/blunt sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo maçante, desamolado, não afiado quality n-iklas-ši; tˀuk-xi; ni n-eklɔs-ši blunt, dull https://ids.clld.org/
dust polvo poeira environment kˀim; kˀok dusk Cf. 'flour' 05.550. https://ids.clld.org/
ear oreja orelha body -kfeʔ ear https://ids.clld.org/
earth/soil tierra terra environment koȼxaʔt earth, land https://ids.clld.org/
egg huevo ovo fauna ɬ-šaykˀu egg https://ids.clld.org/
eye ojo olho body -tɔsex eye https://ids.clld.org/
far lejos longe quality tox; tox-ey far (adv) https://ids.clld.org/
fat/grease grasa gordura body ɬa-peʔ-nɔk; ɬ-ɔtxei grease, fat Respectively: 'grasa derretida de animal'; 'grasa de animal'. https://ids.clld.org/
father padre, papá pai kinship -tata father https://ids.clld.org/
feather pluma pena fauna -af feather See 'fin' 03.652. https://ids.clld.org/
fire fuego fogo environment itɔx fire Arribeños dialect has itax. https://ids.clld.org/
flower flor flor environment ɬ-ɔwo flower https://ids.clld.org/
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment šnakxay fog Arribeños dialect has snakxay. https://ids.clld.org/
fruit fruta fruta flora -aʔ fruit https://ids.clld.org/
good bueno bom quality is good https://ids.clld.org/
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body -yeʔ-s; -saʔš hair (head); hair (head) Respectively: human; animal hair. https://ids.clld.org/
hand mano mão body -pɔʔkɔt hand Arribeños dialect is -paʔkat. https://ids.clld.org/
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ɬa-'waača he/she/it https://ids.clld.org/
head cabeza cabeça body -šatič head https://ids.clld.org/
heavy pesado pesado quality kaklek heavy https://ids.clld.org/
how? como como grammar ta ɬ-xunaš; eʔana how? https://ids.clld.org/
1sg yo eu grammar yi-'waača For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms https://ids.clld.org/
if si se grammar ka https://ids.clld.org/
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location ɔkfi; ɔkxi inside, in https://ids.clld.org/
intestines intestinos intestinos body -waʔk intestines, guts https://ids.clld.org/
lake lago lago environment ɬkačiʔ; faš ayiš lake https://ids.clld.org/
leaf hoja folha environment ɬ-saʔš leaf https://ids.clld.org/
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body -čˀamiyiš left (side) https://ids.clld.org/
leg/foot pierna perna body -kaklɔʔ leg https://ids.clld.org/
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment tačin lightning Also klopopop. https://ids.clld.org/
liver hígado figado body -akɔxɬɔk liver https://ids.clld.org/
long largo comprido, longo quality pitex long https://ids.clld.org/
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna ɬa-woke louse order Phtiraptera https://ids.clld.org/
man/male hombre homem human niwakle man (vs. woman) https://ids.clld.org/
meat/flesh carne carne fauna -sxaʔn flesh https://ids.clld.org/
moon luna lua environment xiweʔkla moon https://ids.clld.org/
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship -mimi mother https://ids.clld.org/
mouth boca boca body -aši mouth https://ids.clld.org/
name nombre nome human -ey name https://ids.clld.org/
near/close cerca de perto quality šaɬa near (adv) https://ids.clld.org/
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body -woʔ neck, nape of neck https://ids.clld.org/
neck cuello pescoço body -woʔ neck, nape of neck https://ids.clld.org/
new nuevo novo quality ničˀa new https://ids.clld.org/
night noche noite time tuɬ night https://ids.clld.org/
no/not no não grammar am no, negative https://ids.clld.org/
nose nariz nariz body -naʔš nose https://ids.clld.org/
old viejo velho quality kˀuȼaʔx; yi-kˀuȼxan old https://ids.clld.org/
one uno um number weʔɬa one https://ids.clld.org/
other otro outro grammar https://ids.clld.org/
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body aɔtex; -yaša; -ta-yaša-y; wat-aʔyaša https://ids.clld.org/
person/human being persona pessoa human niwakle; -ɬeč; -'waʔča person, human being Respectively: means 'people'; suffixes, which occur as pronominal roots. https://ids.clld.org/
rain lluvia chuva environment tčanu rain (noun) Cf. 'storm' 01.580. https://ids.clld.org/
red rojo vermelho colour yuk red https://ids.clld.org/
right/right hand derecha direita location/body -fayiš right (side) https://ids.clld.org/
road/path camino caminho manufacture ɬuyiš path https://ids.clld.org/
root raíz raiz flora ɬ-fetas root https://ids.clld.org/
rotten podrido podre quality ɬok-xi rotten https://ids.clld.org/
sand arena areia environment xosɔx sand Arribeños dialect has xosax. https://ids.clld.org/
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality iklas-ši; -akɔʔx sharp https://ids.clld.org/
short corto curto quality tukˀa short https://ids.clld.org/
shoulder hombro ombro body -fatas shoulder https://ids.clld.org/
shy/ashamed tímido, vergonzoso timido, com vergonha mental Intrans. form. https://ids.clld.org/
skin piel pele body -ɔx skin, hide https://ids.clld.org/
sky cielo céu environment wɔʔs sky Also means 'heaven' 22.310. Arribeños dialect has waʔs. https://ids.clld.org/
small pequeño pequeno quality tikˀin small, little https://ids.clld.org/
smoke humo fumaça environment ɬ-axut smoke Noun See Language page
star estrella estrela environment katiʔs star https://ids.clld.org/
stick/wood palo pau, vara flora yeklɔʔ wood https://ids.clld.org/
stone piedra pedra environment utex stone, rock https://ids.clld.org/
tail cola, rabo rabo body -kˀɔʔs tail https://ids.clld.org/
that ese/esa esse grammar https://ids.clld.org/
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar ɬa-waača they https://ids.clld.org/
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality ux-kˀe thick (in dimension) https://ids.clld.org/
thin delgado fino quality ɬamis; klasim thin (in dimension) https://ids.clld.org/
this este/esta este grammar https://ids.clld.org/
2sg xx xx grammar a-'waača you (singular) https://ids.clld.org/
throat garganta garganta body -kɔyiš throat https://ids.clld.org/
three tres tres number puʔxaʔna three https://ids.clld.org/
thunder truenos trovão environment kuukten thunder https://ids.clld.org/
bite morder morder body -xuʔx bite https://ids.clld.org/
blow soplar soprar body fuyu blow https://ids.clld.org/
breathe respirar respirar body -yaɬ; -ta-yaɬ-i breathe, breath https://ids.clld.org/
burn quemar queimar environment -xa-yapˀaɬxan; yi-wutun burn (vb instrans); burn (vb intrans) intransitive verb See Language page
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body -xuʔx-xane; -tɔn chew, chew https://ids.clld.org/
climb subir subir motion -wɔʔɬ; -wɔʔɬ-kˀoya climb, climb https://ids.clld.org/
come venir vir motion -nač; -nam come; come https://ids.clld.org/
cook cocinar cozinhar impact -tatay; kxon cook; cook The latter is to cook on ashes. https://ids.clld.org/
count contar contar mental -ȼxuʔɬ count https://ids.clld.org/
cry llorar chorar mental -ap cry, weep https://ids.clld.org/
cut/hack cortar cortar impact -tˀowos cut https://ids.clld.org/
die/be dead morir morrer state -waf; -nɔx die, dead; die, dead https://ids.clld.org/
dig cavar cavar impact -tiʔš dig https://ids.clld.org/
dream soñar sonhar mental -nxuxɔm dream https://ids.clld.org/
drink beber, tomar beber body -yɔʔ drink https://ids.clld.org/
eat comer comer body -tux; -tȼakkun; -yɔʔ-xi eat; eat; eat Respectively: trans.; intrans.; eat. https://ids.clld.org/
fall caer cair motion -at; nkɔʔt-šaʔne fall; fall https://ids.clld.org/
fear miedo medo mental -xoway-i; -xoway fear, fright; fear, fright Respectively: noun; trans. verb. https://ids.clld.org/
flow fluir fluir motion -tˀiȼxey flow https://ids.clld.org/
fly volar voar motion -fɔʔyɔ fly (vb) https://ids.clld.org/
grow crecer crescer state tay-čišam grow https://ids.clld.org/
hear oír ouvir mental -peʔya hear https://ids.clld.org/
hide esconder esconder motion -fiʔȼ hide, conceal https://ids.clld.org/
hit golpear, pegar bater impact -pɔkɔx strike (hit, beat) With the hand. https://ids.clld.org/
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other -tˀakum-kˀoya; -nčaʔx-šaʔne hold; hold https://ids.clld.org/
kill matar matar impact -klɔn kill https://ids.clld.org/
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental -tɔʔ-y-a know https://ids.clld.org/
laugh reír rir mental -asčay laugh https://ids.clld.org/
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion -wate; xoʔ-xaʔne lie down; lie down https://ids.clld.org/
live/be alive vivir viver, morar body -manɬa; -manɬa-ʔin live, living, life; live, living, life Also -manɬa-yaš. https://ids.clld.org/
open/uncover abrir abrir other -nkˀaʔt open https://ids.clld.org/
pound/beat machacar, golpear bater impact -tɔxɔx pound with fist https://ids.clld.org/
say decir dizer mental -tˀeš say https://ids.clld.org/
scratch rascar rasgar impact https://ids.clld.org/
see ver ver mental -ʔwan see https://ids.clld.org/
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact -tiyɔx shoot https://ids.clld.org/
sit sentar(se) sentar state -ɔʔw-xaʔne sit https://ids.clld.org/
sleep dormir dormir body -mɔʔ sleep https://ids.clld.org/
sniff/smell olfatear, oler cheirar body -nsiȼˀaʔ sniff primarily transitive https://ids.clld.org/
spit escupir cuspir body -tˀačˀiy spit https://ids.clld.org/
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact -kˀas-at split https://ids.clld.org/
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact -kɔʔtˀat; -ikxut squeeze, wring; squeeze, wring https://ids.clld.org/
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact -ȼefex stab https://ids.clld.org/
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state -waȼewat stand https://ids.clld.org/
steal robar roubar other tˀa-kut steal https://ids.clld.org/
suck chupar chupar body -fin-čˀe; -fin-šam suck; suck https://ids.clld.org/
swell hincharse inchar body -ukaʔx swelling https://ids.clld.org/
swim nadar nadar motion -ɔʔk-apeʔ; yič-ʔapee swim; swim https://ids.clld.org/
think pensar pensar mental -ayčawaɬʔin; -ɬeklɔx-eš think (= reflect); think (= reflect) https://ids.clld.org/
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact -uʔ throw https://ids.clld.org/
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact -ɔkfaʔ tie, bind https://ids.clld.org/
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other -nkɔčˀaklax; -tatwaič ɔklax; -čˀiyapop turn over; turn over; turn around may be transitive or intransitive https://ids.clld.org/
vomit vomitar vomitar body -tˀakue-šaʔne vomit https://ids.clld.org/
walk caminar, andar andar motion -wakleč; -tˀɔs walk; walk https://ids.clld.org/
work trabajar trabalhar other -kum; -kumxat; kumxayaš work; work; work https://ids.clld.org/
yawn bostezar bocejar body -tˀatˀo-ʔin yawn, gape https://ids.clld.org/
tongue lengua lingua body -čˀakleč tongue https://ids.clld.org/
tooth diente dente body -ȼewte tooth https://ids.clld.org/
two dos dois number napuʔ two https://ids.clld.org/
water agua agua environment inɔʔt water Arribeños dialect has innaʔt. https://ids.clld.org/
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar kas-'waača we (inclusive) no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted https://ids.clld.org/
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar yi-'waača-eɬ we (exclusive) https://ids.clld.org/
wet mojado molhado quality takˀoʔp; yinɔʔt ɬaxut; waʔai wet, damp; wet, damp; wet, damp https://ids.clld.org/
what? que, qué que grammar še what? https://ids.clld.org/
when? cuando quando grammar ta tˀeɬeš when? https://ids.clld.org/
where? donde onde grammar ta yi-šiʔ; pɔʔne where?; where? https://ids.clld.org/
white blanco branco colour klim white https://ids.clld.org/
who? quien, quién quem grammar šepa-pu who? https://ids.clld.org/
wife esposa esposa kinship -čˀakfa wife Refers to a spouse with children. A childless spouse is -xaya. https://ids.clld.org/
wind viento vento environment ɬawiʔm wind https://ids.clld.org/
wing ala asa body -af wing Also means 'feather' 04.393. https://ids.clld.org/
woman/female mujer mulher human niwak-če woman https://ids.clld.org/
yellow amarillo amarelo colour koxi yax yello https://ids.clld.org/
2pl ustedes vocês grammar a-'waača-eɬ you (plural) https://ids.clld.org/
foot pie body -foʔ foot https://ids.clld.org/
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar šita; weʔɬeeš kun again; again https://ids.clld.org/
all todo todos other ɬakomʔa; ɬakawa every, all; every, all Respectively: human; nonhuman. https://ids.clld.org/
ankle tobillo tornozelo body -finkayɔ ankle https://ids.clld.org/
armpit axila, sobaco axila body -kxɔši armpit Arribeños dialect is -kxaši. https://ids.clld.org/
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body -ɬɔʔm; samuk defecate; defecate Latter example is noun form. https://ids.clld.org/
lung pulmón pulmão body -kafof lung https://ids.clld.org/
sweat sudar suor, suar body https://ids.clld.org/
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body -sɔʔ; ɔfȼexʔin itch; itch https://ids.clld.org/
bark corteza casca environment -ɔxeče bark https://ids.clld.org/
fingernail uña unha body -pasče ɬa-pˀoʔt fingernail Lit. 'finger its cover'. Also -pɔnɔke. Arribeños dialect is -panake. https://ids.clld.org/
heart corazón coração body -ɬiʔwte heart https://ids.clld.org/
sun sol sol time xunkuklaʔy sun https://ids.clld.org/
mountain/hill montaña, colina, loma, cerro morro, serra environment ute-yuk mountain, hill Lit. 'rock-nominalizer suffix'. https://ids.clld.org/
green verde verde quality nipeway-ši; ɬeti-tˀaklɔk green; green Latter form, lit. 'like-grass'. https://ids.clld.org/
hot caliente quente quality kus-ši hot https://ids.clld.org/


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus See Language page
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp. šeyɔ; fakliʔs See Language page The Forest people (Selváticos) dialect has šiyɔ.
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna ɔxɔklɔ See Language page Arribeños dialect has axakla.
curassow mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) mutum flora-fauna Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. See Language page Amazonia
toucan tucán, pinsha (Peru) tucano flora-fauna Ramphastos sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris jacamim flora-fauna Psophia crepitans See Language page Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) jacu flora-fauna Penelope sp. See Language page Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou tinamu, perdiz, gallineta inambu, inhambu flora-fauna family Tinamidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna family Trochilidae See Language page Widespread
kingfisher martín pescador, catalan (Peru) martim-pescador flora-fauna family Alcedinidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
owl (large) búho, lechuza corujão flora-fauna order Strigiformes koʔmi-tax; tokox; sxec̷ič; yuʔwayič See Language page Widespread Respectively: little owl; large owls. Also uku'luku, an archaic (?), onomatopoeic word.
macaw ara, guacamaya Arara flora-fauna family Psittacidae; Ara sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
parrot loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) papagaio flora-fauna Amazona amazonica ekle See Language page Widespread
dove paloma pomba flora-fauna family Columbidae ofo; ofo-tax; oftaʔ See Language page Respectively: wild dove; domestic dove; wood-dove.
hawk halcón, gavilán gavião flora-fauna family Accipitridae šeyanɔx; c̷imaxa tˀoʔt See Language page First example refers to a white hawk.
vulture buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) urubu flora-fauna family Cathartidae kˀafok See Language page Widespread South America
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae family ano; xokxayex; sɔʔyi See Language page Also iyusinxa; sɔʔitax.
great egret Garza Blanca, Guyratî Garça-Branca-Grande flora-fauna Ardea alba See Language page Widespread South America
woodpecker pájaro carpintero, carpintero pica-pau flora-fauna family Picidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis famililaris nuʔu See Language page Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog) sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta cachorro-do-mato flora-fauna Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis See Language page Widespread Amazonia
anteater oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus tamanduá flora-fauna Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) See Language page Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) tatu flora-fauna family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri See Language page Widespread in Amazonia
sloth pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) macaco preguica flora-fauna Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman babilla; cachirre jacaré flora-fauna Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. See Language page Throughout Amazonia Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel anguila eléctrica poraquê flora-fauna Electrophorus electricus See Language page
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna saxeč See Language page
pacu fish palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) pacu flora-fauna Mylossoma sp. See Language page
pirana piraña, caribe piranha flora-fauna subfamily Serrasalmidae See Language page Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) traíra flora-fauna Hoplias sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) mandi flora-fauna Auchenipterus sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish surubí, pintadillo surubim, sorubim flora-fauna Pseudoplatystoma sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia
toad sapo sapo flora-fauna order Anura See Language page
iguana iguana, garipiares (Colombia) camaleão flora-fauna Iguana sp. See Language page iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard lagartija calango flora-fauna order Squamata kasposɔx; šinwuʔn; šniɬˀa See Language page Respectively: lizard; a white and gray lizard; a colored lizard. Also šnotˀoyča, a small colored lizard; fašika, a big green lizard.
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Potamotrygon sp. kˀiyeyki See Language page
crab cangrejo caranguejo flora-fauna infraorder Brachyura See Language page
anaconda anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande sucuri flora-fauna genus Eunectes See Language page Widespread Amazonia
boa boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura jiboia flora-fauna family Boidae, subf. Boinae See Language page
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna tos See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara jararaca flora-fauna Bothrops jararaca/atrox See Language page Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) tortuga, morrocoy, motelo jabutí, tartaruga flora-fauna Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria čˀatˀa; woʔtˀi See Language page Widespread Latter is 'water turtle'.
Amazon dolphin bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) boto cor-de-rosa flora-fauna Inia geoffrensis See Language page Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom champiñón, hongo cogumelo flora-fauna (any edible generic) šta-tax See Language page prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá bacaba flora-fauna Oenocarpus bacaba See Language page Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) açaí flora-fauna Euterpe sp. See Language page floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti buriti flora-fauna Mauritia flexuosa See Language page Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná caraná flora-fauna Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana See Language page Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests palm
paxiuba palm pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba paxiuba flora-fauna Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea See Language page Widespread Amazonia palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) pupunha flora-fauna Bactris gasipaes See Language page
seje palm ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá patoá, patuá flora-fauna Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua See Language page mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca coca coca flora-fauna Erythroxylum coca See Language page secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes plant
cotton algodón algodão flora-fauna Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) wɔkxɔkli See Language page secondary scrub vegetation plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) sumaumeira flora-fauna Ceiba pentandra See Language page northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas tree
hot pepper ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) pimenta flora-fauna Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens oyinče-tax See Language page secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden plant
peanut maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete amendoim flora-fauna Arachis hypogaea See Language page plant
pineapple piña abacaxi flora-fauna Ananas comosus See Language page plant
arrow cane, wildcane caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio flora-fauna Gynerium sagittatum See Language page tropical regions, especially river banks plant
banana, plantain banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano banana flora-fauna Musa sp. See Language page Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) feijão flora-fauna Phaseolus spp. kekleyče See Language page plant
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (generic) tˀaklɔʔk; itxatax See Language page
maize, corn mazorca, maiz milho flora-fauna Zea mays niklɔʔc̷ič See Language page widespread, esp. in river floodplains plant
tobacco tabaco tabaco flora-fauna Nicotiana tabacum finɔk See Language page plant
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna aʔkxuta-yuk; aʔkxi-yuk See Language page
achiote, anatto achiote urucum flora-fauna Bixa orellana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens shrub
inga guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) inga flora-fauna Inga spp. See Language page Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado palta, aguacate abacate flora-fauna Persea americana See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree
bitterwood tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) envira flora-fauna Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala See Language page secondary forests, native to Brazil tree
brazil nut castaña castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) flora-fauna Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] See Language page 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. tree
cashew anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) caju flora-fauna Anacardium occidentale / giganteum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico genipapo, jenipapo flora-fauna Genipapa americana See Language page widespread lowland SA shrub
japurá oreja de murcielago japurá flora-fauna Erisma japura See Language page large tree
rubber tree (sorva) caucho, siringa, shiringa seringa, borracha flora-fauna Hevea sp. See Language page Widespread Amazonia tree
ucuqui yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) ucuqui flora-fauna Pouteria ucuqui See Language page native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) cucura flora-fauna Pourouma cecropiifolia See Language page grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic) yuca brava mandioca flora-fauna Manihot esculenta ɬawimxa-yuk; nowok; nuksič See Language page not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet) yuca, caribe macaxeira flora-fauna Manihot esculenta See Language page Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato papa batata flora-fauna Solanum tuberosum See Language page secondary scrub vegetation compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara batata-doce flora-fauna Ipomoea batatas pexaya See Language page plant
cará tuber, purple or white camote, sachapapa cará roxo, branco flora-fauna Dioscorea sp. See Language page secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings plant
tannia, yautia huitina (Peru), ñame taioba branca flora-fauna Xanthosoma spp. See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara cabaça flora-fauna Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) noyan See Language page indigenous gardens plant; tree
squash calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) abóbora flora-fauna Cucurbita sp. kˀasus See Language page plant
cipó vine tamishi, bejuco, yare cipó flora-fauna Heteropsis spp. ɔtxayeta-yuk See Language page secondary forest, floodplain vine
fish poison, barbasco barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó flora-fauna Lonchocarpus spp. See Language page secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca ayahuasca, yage ayahuasca, caapi flora-fauna Banisteriopsis caapi See Language page semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW vine
hallucinogenic snuff vilca, cebil, yopo paricá, yopo flora-fauna Anadenanthera sp. or virola See Language page
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic See Language page
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae tansi; činči See Language page Respectively: a little red ant; a big red ant.
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro tocandira flora-fauna Paraponera clavata See Language page
leaf-cutter ant Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse saúva flora-fauna Atta sp. tukus See Language page
honeybee abeja abelha flora-fauna Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis šinwoʔ ɬa-woʔ; šinwoʔ ɬawoke See Language page Lit. 'beehive its-dweller' 03.822. Also šnakuwatax ɬawoke.
cockroach cucaracha barata-do-mato flora-fauna order Blattaria šinwoʔɬawoke See Language page A type found in the forest.
firefly, lightning bug lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) vagalume flora-fauna fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae See Language page
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna order Lepidoptera wosok See Language page
moth mariposa nocturna, polilla mariposa flora-fauna order Lepidoptera See Language page
angleworm lombriz minhoca flora-fauna order Opisthopora tin-woʔ See Language page
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna class Chilopoda aɬu ɬpɔsenxaway See Language page
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna order Scorpiones aɬu ɬpɔsenxa'way See Language page
cicada cigarra, chicharra cigarra flora-fauna super fam. Cicadoidea See Language page
flea pulga pulga flora-fauna order Siphonaptera ɬa-ɬa See Language page
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ɬaf-katax See Language page
cricket saltón, grillo grilo flora-fauna family Gryllidae See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) suri, mojojoy larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá flora-fauna Rhynchophorus sp. See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna order Mantodea, family Mantidae See Language page
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles sp. yiyaʔ See Language page
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna order Isoptera ɬuwa See Language page
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna superfam Ixodoidea See Language page
wasp avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa caba flora-fauna order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita c̷imaxa See Language page
snail caracol, churo (Peru) caracol flora-fauna class Gastropoda ɬeɬ; wintɔx; klapˀi See Language page Respectively: a white snail; brown snail; water snail.
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnidae, Araneae siwɔklɔk See Language page Arribeños dialect is siwaklak.
jaguar yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) onca flora-fauna Panthera onca See Language page
manatee vaca marina, manatí peixe-boi flora-fauna Trichechus sp. See Language page
brown woolly monkey Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt macaco barrigudo flora-fauna Lagothrix lagothricha See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed) mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) guariba flora-fauna Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero macaco prego flora-fauna Cebus apella See Language page
white-fronted capuchin Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) Caiarara flora-fauna Cebus albifrons See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) macaco aranha, coatá, quatá flora-fauna Ateles belzebuth/paniscus See Language page
opossum zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo mucura flora-fauna family Didelphidae See Language page
giant otter Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria ariranha flora-fauna Pteronura brasiliensis See Language page
neotropical otter (small) Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) lontra flora-fauna Lontra longicaudis See Language page
collared peccary sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar caititu, caetitu flora-fauna Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu woxotax; awokc̷ex; xokonoxo See Language page
white-lipped peccary Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana queixada flora-fauna Tayassu pecari See Language page
porcupine puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) cuandu, porco-espinho flora-fauna family Erethizontidae See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache quati flora-fauna genus Nasua See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado cutia flora-fauna Dasyprocta spp. See Language page
capybara Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco capivara flora-fauna Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris See Language page
green acouchi Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo cutiara flora-fauna Myoprocta pratti See Language page
paca (lowland) Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) paca flora-fauna Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) See Language page
mouse, rat ratón camundongo, rata flora-fauna Mus musculus amʔa; amʔa-tax See Language page
squirrel ardilla, danta (Ven) serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo flora-fauna family Sciuridae See Language page
tapir sachavaca, danta anta flora-fauna Tapirus terrestris See Language page
deer venado veado, cariacu flora-fauna family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus tašinša; ɔxtinaax; tuxinax See Language page


Cultural Vocabulary (97)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material siseniɬ See Language page
basket, small canasta, canasto, cesta cesto pequeno, tampado culture-material See Language page
bead abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar miçanga culture-material faklutax tiniš Beads of 'perlas' or 'mostacilla'. See Language page
bed cama cama culture-material wat-mɔʔ-xawat See Language page
hammock hamaca, chinchorro rede culture-material See Language page
bench, seat banco, silla, asiento banco culture-material -ɔw-xawat; -kˀo-wat See Language page
canoe canoa canoa transport #NAME? See Language page
drum (large signal) tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) tambor culture Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances See Language page
drum tambor tambor culture-mythology -ɬanɔʔ; -ɬanɔ-tax Respectively: ritual drum; modern drum. See Language page
shaman, healer chamán, brujo xaman, pajé, feiticeiro culture-mythology Arribeños dialect has tɔyyeʔx; tayyeʔx; toyyeʔx. Also tɔyxe-če; tayxe-če/ toyxe-če. See Language page
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. See Language page
broom escoba vassoura culture-material -fkˀɔklaʔs-xate See Language page
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology -siwɔklɔk ɬa-yeʔč; watˀuixatšiyis See Language page
fence, palisade cerco cerca other ašklɔfeč may be related to defense/warfare? See Language page
firewood leña lenha other wat-kaxuy See Language page
Curupira (spirit type) Curupira, Madremonte Curupira culture-mythology malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure dios(es), deidad divinidade, figura mítica culture-mythology fic̷ɔkˀɔyič In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. See Language page
flute flauta, quena (Peru) flauta culture-mythology #NAME? Arribeños dialect, archaic flute is sile sile. See Language page
panpipe carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora caniço, flauta de pã culture-mythology See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making canoa para chicha cocho de caxiri narcotics See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) kapiwaya capiwaya culture-mythology See Language page
knife cuchillo faca culture-material #NAME? See Language page
machete machete facão culture-material See Language page
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool #NAME? especially for clearing fields See Language page
arrow flecha flecha subsistence tool -c̷anuʔk; -pˀok Respectively: arrow made of 'duraznillo' tree; arrow with a thick point that is used especially to kill birds. Also -kɔʔxe. See Language page
spear lanza lança subsistence tool -tapxeʔ See Language page
bow arco arco subsistence tool #NAME? arco See Language page
paddle/oar remo remo transport See Language page
plate plato prato culture-material -yakut-ši; -titeč See Language page
pot olla, pote panela, vasilha subsistence tool -tɔʔɬɔs; -t-kaklɔʔy See Language page
basin/bowl tazón, plato hondo, taza tijela culture-material titeč See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) forno para beiju subsistence tool #NAME? The root of the word is yukuwe 'bread'. See Language page
rattle matraca, maraca marico, chocalho culture-mythology xɔxanxate See Language page
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool See Language page
wax cera cera other yuus; ɬ-supˀax The latter means 'la cara untada de miel'. See Language page
honey miel mel food akɔyeč; šinwoʔ; tˀuxaʔ only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? See Language page
stone for lighting fires piedra para hacer fuego pedra para acender fogo culture-material See Language page
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture -niyɔk; -wankˀ-ɔkfa-xat See Language page
tattoo tatuaje, tatu tatuagem culture-mythology See Language page
thatch/roof crisneja palha, caraná culture-material #NAME? See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) yurupari jurupari culture-mythology a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. See Language page
fetish, charm fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga feitiço, puçanga culture-mythology See Language page
feather headdress plumaje, corona de plumas enfeite/capacete de penas culture-mythology See Language page
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology wɔʔs See Language page
school escuela escola acculturation See Language page
bottle botella garrafa acculturation See Language page
paper papel papel acculturation wat-kˀis-xayan-ač Arribeños dialect is wat-kˀis-xayan-eč. See Language page
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology #NAME? See Language page
chicken gallina galinha acculturation wotɔxɔx-ɬɔs Lit. 'hen its-offspring'. Little chick is wotɔxɔx ɬ-kles. See Language page
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology #NAME? See Language page
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other #NAME? See Language page
sugarcane/sugar azúcar, caña de azúcar açucar (de cana) acculturation fin-če See Language page
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material #NAME? See Language page
shoes zapatos sapatos dress -kfiʔy; -xof The latter is the traditional shoe made of uncured leather. See Language page
policeman polícia policía acculturation See Language page
soldier soldado soldado acculturation kˀafokiɬay See Language page
cat gato gato acculturation tanuk See Language page
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation taʔwitɔy See Language page
hat sombero chapéu dress -ɔtxɔxi; -čˀu See Language page
chief/leader jefe, cacique chefe culture-mythology anwakle See Language page
club garrote, cachiporra clava, porrete subsistence tool #NAME? See Language page
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress See Language page
fireplace hogar lareira other See Language page
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool niyɔk See Language page
salt sal sal food naʔpku-tax A plant salt. Arribeños dialect is c̷ifoni. See Language page
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology -iši; -tˀeyšey; tišxan Respectively: humans; birds; intrans.verb. See Language page
blowgun cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) zarabatana subsistence tool currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region See Language page
dart (blowgun) dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) dardo, seta subsistence tool hunting and warfare See Language page
fan abanico abanador, abano subsistence tool #NAME? esp. for fanning a cooking fire See Language page
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food See Language page
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food See Language page
hunt cazar caçar food -woʔy; -tkˀɔʔyte The latter means to hunt with a trap. Also -tˀɔtay-ʔin, means to hunt 'mariscando'. See Language page
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food yakkisit Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl) cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo cuia subsistence tool noyan See Language page
grater rallador, rallo ralador, ralo subsistence tool esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) barbacoa jirau subsistence tool lawɔxˀe na watowaɬxatši See Language page
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool #NAME? See Language page
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool -xumkˀet; -ɬka-kaklɔʔ See Language page
fermented drink masato, chicha caxiri, chicha culture kumxɔ Arribeños dialect is kumxa. See Language page
flour/meal from manioc fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina farinha food ɬa-mɔʔk Arribeños dialect is klim-ši. See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe beiju food usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits See Language page
starch (tapioca, other) almidón goma de tapioca food See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau cahuana, caguana mingau food agriculture See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer) tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca tipiti food word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc See Language page
tripod for washing manioc trípode tripé subsistence tool agriculture See Language page
venom for darts, poison veneno curare subsistence tool hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) See Language page
woven strainer/sieve colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) peneira, cumatá subsistence tool agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour See Language page
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool can refer to worms; more generic See Language page
fishtrap trampa de peces, trampa matapi, cacuri subsistence tool -wat-saʔs See Language page
bottom grinding stone manufacture if different word from top grinding stone See Language page
digging stick subsistence tool See Language page
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool See Language page
spearthrower subsistence tool See Language page
house other See Language page