Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

meat/flesh

Semantic Field
fauna
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
carne
Meaning Portuguese
carne

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim too-how'-wahl 195 inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tukku” “meat, flesh, body, mountain sheep” inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla wa'ish inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok 7och:uku- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi tuku/av(i) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno 7am'in inheritance Klar 1977:96 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno le7esh unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno 7amyn' inheritance Klar 1977:96 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno 7imy(7) inheritance Klar 1977:96 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno 7amamy “body, meat” inheritance Klar 1977:132 Jane Hill
Cocopa 7ima:c unknown Jane Hill
Comanche tuhkU “body, flesh” inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño wa'i-sh [waɁɪʃ] inheritance Jane Hill
Esselen tatsi loan T&S 1981:120 Jane Hill
Gabrielino -tu:ken inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa kukwaayp [kʊˈkʷaˑip] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu pa7a-vi inheritance Jane Hill
Kiliwa 7-xaq unknown Jane Hill
Kitanemuk 7a-tap “meat, sinew” inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok Su/kki “deer, meat” unique Jane Hill
Luiseño wa:7i-sh inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu wa/\k' inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave 7ichathoo, kwiikway (latter esp. “beef”) unknown Jane Hill
Mutsun to:Te “deer, meat” unknown O77:32, 112 Jane Hill
Nisenan kyjysy “animal, meat” unknown Jane Hill
Northern Paiute tuku inheritance Thornes 03:107 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok ci:ci- loan Jane Hill
Plains Miwok 7yme:na- unknown Jane Hill
Salinan A math (A), ), pl ma7The/lakh “meat, flesh, animal” unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M ma'TH 'meat, flesh, animal' unknown Mason 1918:127 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) ipxa/si unknown Jane Hill
Serrano -tuk inheritance R&E2000:86 Jane Hill
Southern Paiute tuq:ua-S inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok mice:ma inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute tYkapY, tYkuavI, etc. inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal tukuwa/-n inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone tukkua7ityn, inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo k'e/shu “meat, deer” loan Jane Hill
Washo ʔá:daš unknown Washo Project Jane Hill
Western Mono tu/kU ; inheritance Jane Hill
Wintu ci:r loan into protolanguage, direction unknown Jane Hill
Yavapai kWe\:tho/va “meat, game” unknown Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami ke/-kel-e: inheritance CHM Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi ce\cat (she:shat) inheritance K07:244 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne c'ixil inheritance N1964 Jane Hill
Yuki mil (see “deer”) inheritance S&S 1984 Jane Hill
Baniwa -íipe -íipe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona tənəemɨ unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo jiarʉ (generic term), puaijaʉbo, totaibo. xiarɨ (generic term), puaixaɨbo, totaibo. inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw dep dæp inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano diro diro inheritance See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa are, aretyo (MM) are, aretjo (MM) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï i'nE unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani baõ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup d'áp d'áp inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua dep loan Nadahup: Hup d'áp See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi saráru saráru unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu çuukwera suukwera inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam pili yãhi, tsaro yãi (EM72) pili jãhi, tsaɾo jãi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak t∫kɨi2 unique See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki bai ja bai xã inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon yeei piikpö (E1980); ipun (M2000) pun; ipuŋ (E1980) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Resígaro gí?í gíʔí inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Sanumá tsãi tə (EM72) tsãi tə inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani pe-wí:-to inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana dí-pe dí-pe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano di'í (hr) di'í (hr) inheritance E Tuk See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria di'i diʔi inheritance E Tuk See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam yãhi jãhi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami pei yãhi, yãhi (EM72) pei jãhi, jãhi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna i'iji iʔihi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup d'ǎp d'ǎp inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kathi inheritance Claire Bowern
Bardi baangga XXngl meat without bones baangka inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba mulha Claire Bowern
Burarra minyjak unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu wäyin unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal ŋanak Claire Bowern
Dhuwala ŋanak inheritance Claire Bowern
Diyari nganthi inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu ŋanak inheritance Claire Bowern
Djapu ŋanak inheritance Claire Bowern
Djinang munydjal unknown Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng ngardin inheritance Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi maa Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu ŋanak inheritance Claire Bowern
Gurindji ngarin loan Miriwung Claire Bowern
Jaru guyu inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri 4390 inheritance Claire Bowern
Kija miyal- inheritance Claire Bowern
Malyangapa wanga loan direction unknown Claire Bowern
Mangala kuyi inheritance Claire Bowern
Miriwung ngarin inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka ngatyandura unique Claire Bowern
Mudburra jiya Claire Bowern
Mudburra jiya inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngamini nganytyi inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma murla Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl wallee <wallee> inheritance Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi kathi inheritance Claire Bowern
Nimanburru bang.g bang.k inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla kuyi Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta kuwi inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta kuwi inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyikina nilany nilany inheritance Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul marbar; pad@iad(a) marbar unique Claire Bowern
Paakantyi maanpa unique Claire Bowern
Pirriya yudi Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta 711 inheritance Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu ŋanak Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu dhäŋgu loan Claire Bowern
Walmajarri kuyi inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru kathi inheritance Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu däŋgu inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha "kathi, palgupalgu" inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi ngantji inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Yawuru nilany nilany inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua í:naʃi í:naʃi inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco iinási iinási See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari i'i iʔi See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero enami enami See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Wapishana ˀdɨnaa ˀdɨnaa inheritance Proto-Arawak See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu asaľa See Language page PLE
Yine nikči-hitɨ See Language page PLE
Paresi eteti, enete; oliti eteti, enete; oliti inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano -eče; ta-eče See Language page PLE The latter is animal meat.
Trinitario ʔrak'parahi See Language page PLE
Baure n-eš n-eʃ inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá -hɨtai -hɨtai unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani mitsa mitsa See Language page John Blaha
Sape mɨan mɨan See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'alʸa See Language page PLE Also means 'pulpa (de fruta)', fruit pulp, flesh, and can refer to fish.
Bora ʔéékʰoó, toó, tʰá-tyo {'my flesh'} ʔέέkʰoó, toó, tʰá-tʲjo {'my flesh'} doubtful loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown Murui/Minica Witoto See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane úúku, dúú-xoʔo {edible}, asímɨ úúku, dúú-xoʔo {edible}, asímɨ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio puung puŋ inheritance Proto-Carib See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Akawaio/Ingariko dialect puŋ puŋ See Language page Lauren Franklin
Apalai punu, tõsemy punu, tõsemɨ inheritance; unknown See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana pun pun inheritance See Language page PLE
Tiriyó kupu(nu), pu(nu) kupu(nu), pu(nu) inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare hyunu (IDS, KH) hjunu inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo punu-'bë (the same wd appears in many body part entries- leg, calf, gums, belly, torso, etc.) punu-'bɛ (the same wd appears in manj bodj part entries- leg, calf, gums, bellj, torso, etc.) See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai yu-Φu-n yu-Φu-n inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari wyty wɨtɨ See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana pu'nuhpə See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa kupuko dʒipu See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo ifuŋu ifuŋu inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca chimy ʂimɨ See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí aaidyi See Language page PLE
Northern Emberá ǰi-ko 'meat, food' (IDS) ǰi-ko 'meat, food' (IDS) See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena (ne-)'čiara See Language page PLE Lit. '(gen.)-meat'.
Guayabero pa-wí-t inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan pe-wít inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva pe-wí-to carne, flesh Huber & Reed 1992:265 Rebecca Khorram
Playero pe-wí-to See Language page Rebecca Khorram
Cofán aña´cho, na aɲaʔtʃo See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra notsich notsitʃ doubtful loan, direction unknown Paez See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro a´ya´ta aʔjaʔta See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez chich tʃitʃ See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna namachi [3-5, 5, 3] namatʃi doubtful loan Jivaroan See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina inio inio unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa mɨntɕéna mɨntɕéna See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke itsü(h) (RW52) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé ngõã See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku muči mutʃi See Language page PLE
Ashuar namáng namaŋ See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa namag namaŋg See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna néje nɨxɨ unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect dab inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Nadëb/Rio Negro dialect dab See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses nami nami inheritance/Tacanan See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo nami See Language page PLE na'ši 'tough meat'; kua-ti, ṣ̌ɨkua-ti (dial.) 'to want to eat meat'.
Katukina nami See Language page PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Shipibo-Konibo nami See Language page PLE
Yaminahua nami See Language page PLE
Chácobo nami nami inheritance/Tacanan See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua saviy sawij unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua aycha ajtʃa See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá aicha aitʃa See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua aicha aitʃa See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano aycha ajtʃa See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa chidepä tʃidepæ inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva deha deʔa inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Bará dii'ró See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano ri-ro ri-ro See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana rii ɾii See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ri kuhi ri kuhi inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti di'í di'í See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana di'ʔi-ro di'ʔi-ro See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano dií dií See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca riʔ'ia riʔ'ia inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo rii-ro, 'rii rii-ro, 'rii See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka dii-'ro dii-ʔro See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja ɨ́ᵽɨ́dì ɨ́ɸɨ́dì See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje va'i baʔi inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona waʔi waʔi inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya hua'I capë waʔi 'kã'pɨ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana hĩm hĩm unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama tsu tsu inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi miya; -ɔʔɔ (CL) mija; -ɔʔɔ (CL) unique; inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché oʔo inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano hewae; soo; (če-)roo; hoo inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní soʔo See Language page PLE
Sirionó soo; eroo soo; eroo inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá h-aˀo (M2000) h-aˀo (M2000) inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina dyajííhxa,onhaanjin dʲahííʔxa, õʔããhĩ inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto úa-tï, rḯǰe úa-tɯ, rɯ́dʒɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto ǰḯkï-θi, ḯ.e-θï, rḯǰe dʒɯ́kɯ-θi, ɯ́.ɛ-θɯ, rɯ́dʒɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto ǰïkï-θi, ï.e-θï dʒɯkɯ-θi, ɯ.ɛ-θɯ doubtful loan, direction unknown Boran See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito nasíija nasíiha unknown See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo ishu iʃu See Language page Becky Walker
Wari karawa (karamayišiʔ) karawa (karamajiʃiʔ) See Language page PLE
Araona e-ami See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *e-ŕami. Cf. 'flesh' 04.130.
Ese Ejja noe; e-yami inheritance/Panoan See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo e-yami e-yami See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana aiča; yami See Language page PLE Cf. Quechua. The latter now means 'flesh'; obsolete meaning also included animal meat.
Cavineña e-rami e-rami inheritance/Panoan See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara aycha ayča See Language page PLE
Cayuvava -iine ~ ine; kaine See Language page PLE
Itonama u-waka See Language page PLE Possibly from Span. 'vaca (cow/cattle)'.
Kwazá au, auxwana, -xwana au, auxwana, -xwana See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané šœš See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Movima -toɗa -toɗa See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai lat, kodetl lat, kodetl unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang nĩ -nĩ See Language page PLE
Suyá ñi ñi See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá dee See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi nĩ nĩ See Language page PLE
Chipaya čʰišwi See Language page PLE Meat from wild animals is šalʸkˀa a specialized term, perhaps from Aymara (?).
Mocoví l-aʔat See Language page PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Pilagá l-apat See Language page PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Toba l-apat See Language page PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Lengua apitik See Language page PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité aphapitik; apitik See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet aapetek See Language page PLE
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay tˀi'san toh yuʔ See Language page PLE Lit. 'flesh-conj. cooked'.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja #NAME? See Language page PLE Also means 'flesh' 04.130.
Maca ɬʔesen (m.) See Language page PLE Cf. 'flesh' 04.130.
Nivaclé -sxaʔn flesh https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo a'ragaɲ̥ua See Language page PLE Meat flour is ã'rii; m. roasted on the coals is ago'taa-i; m. that has little blood iboo'r-i; iboo'r-e.
Mapudungun ilo See Language page PLE Same form in Ranquel.
Qawasqar c̷ewalc̷eḳ See Language page PLE ClC, AgC, Sk, Bo, Ca, Se, Si, Fe record [yeper], from Selknam 'yèpr', for Central QWS. SpS records alkaɬ for South QWS.
Selknam yèpr See Language page PLE
Tehuelche 'yepˀr See Language page PLE
Lokono siroko(-ho) siɾoko(-ho) meat Pet 1987:363 Camille Unger
Kariña tonomy tonomɨ meat; animal Yamada 2010:812 Camille Unger