Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Sanumá

Family: Yanomaman
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: xsu
Location: 1.32°, -67.65°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

Data Sources: Borgman, Donald M. 1990. Sanuma. In Derbyshire, Desmond C. and Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian Languages, 15-248. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Migliazza, Ernest C. 1972. Yanomama grammar and intelligibility. PhD diss, Indiana University. Taylor, Kenneth I. 1972. Sanuma (Yanoama) food prohibitions: the multiple classification of society and fauna. Ph.D. diss. Madison: University of Wisconsin.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Source	Created By
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	hɨsɨka (EM72)	hɨsɨka	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	kõ, sota (EM72)	kõ, sota	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
all	todo	todos	other	pewə (EM72)	pewə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
and	y	e	grammar	tsolo (EM72)	tsolo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	mašta pɨ (EM72)	maʃta pɨ	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
back	espalda	costas	body	hõo	hõo	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
belly	barriga	barriga	body	pili pɨsɨma, pɨsɨmɨ (EM72)	pili pɨsɨma, pɨsɨmɨ (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
big	grande	grande	quality	pata (animate, EM72), peepə (EM72)	pata, peepə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bite	morder	morder	body	wɨtɨ (EM72)	wɨtɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
black	negro	preto	colour	uši (EM72)	uʃi	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
blood	sangre	sangue	body	iə (EM72)	iə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
blow	soplar	soprar	body	hola (EM72)	hola	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bone	hueso	osso	body	tũ (EM72)	tũ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pili paluku (EM72)	pili paluku (EM72)	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	henekemo (EM72)	henekemo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ĩši (EM72)	ĩʃi	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	wãšika (EM72)	wãʃika	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ula (EM72, "boy"), uia (EM72, "boy"), suɨ ose (EM72 "girl"), moko (EM72 "girl")	ula, uia, suɨ ose, moko	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
climb	subir	subir	motion	tu (EM72)	tu	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	ilaši tǝ	ilaʃi tə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
cold	frío	frio	quality	ɨsɨ holele	ɨsɨ holele	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
come	venir	vir	motion	huima (EM72)	huima	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	tupa/ hali (EM72)	tupa/ hali	unique; inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
count	contar	contar	mental			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ɨ̃kɨ (EM72)	ɨ̃kɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	nasi to, pati (EM72)	nasi to, pati	unique; unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
day	día	dia	time	wakala (EM72 "light time")	wakala (EM72 "light time")	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	noma	noma	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	tie, təkatha (EM72)	tie, təkatʰa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	tsami (EM72)	tsami	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	mani (EM72)	mani	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	koa	koa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dry	seco	seco	quality	həwe, hãšiti (both EM72)	həwe, hãʃiti	inheritance; unknown	metathesis?	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	namošiipɨ (EM72)	namoʃiipɨ	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	tsalelo (EM72)	tsalelo	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
ear	oreja	orelha	body	tsɨmɨka (EM72)	tsɨmɨka	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	mašitha (EM72 "earth")	maʃitʰa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
eat	comer	comer	body	wɨtɨ (bite, EM72), oa (EM72 transitive), ia (EM72 intransitive)	wɨtɨ (bite, EM72), oa (EM72 transitive), ia (EM72 intransitive)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	thethe (EM72)	tʰetʰe	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
eye	ojo	olho	body	mamo (EM72)	mamo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fall	caer	cair	motion	ke (EM72)	ke	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
far	lejos	longe	quality	paa, paipɨ (EM72)	paa, paipɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	tapu	tapu	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	-ha, '-a	-ha, '-a	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fear	miedo	medo	mental	kili (EM72)	kili	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
feather	pluma	pena	fauna			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	koataka (EM72)	koataka (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fish	xx	xx	fauna	salaga bɨ (edible fish only), tsaraka	salaga bɨ, tsaraka	inheritance		See Language page	Epps Research Team
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	kale (EM72)	kale	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
flower	flor	flor	environment	holehole (EM72)	holehole	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fly	volar	voar	motion	kate	kate	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	ilaši (EM72)	ilaʃi	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
foot	pie	pé	body	pili ami	pili ami	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	thomothomo (EM72)	tʰomotʰomo	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
good	bueno	bom	quality	tote, toita, topa (all EM72)	tote, toita, topa (all EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
grow	crecer	crescer	state	tsəwə (EM72)	tsəwə	loan (into proto-language?)	Arawak tawi-	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	henotɨk (EM72)	henotɨk	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hand	mano	mão	body	matha, ami (both EM72)	matʰa, ami	doubtful loan; inheritance	compare Arutani maʃa 'hand'	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	pili he, hɨ̃ko (EM72 "face"), he (EM72 "head")	pili he, hɨ̃ko, he	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hini	hini	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	hute (EM72)	hute	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	sotsama (EM72)	sotsama	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	tsə (EM72)	tsə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	huɨ (EM72)	huɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
how?	como	como	grammar	mina, wina (EM72)	mina, wina	unique; inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
if	si	se	grammar			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	hišomiha (EM72)	hiʃomiha	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	šikɨ (EM72)	ʃikɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	tsululu (EM72)	tsululu	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
kill	matar	matar	impact	nomama	nomama	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
lake	lago	lago	environment	kotsoto (EM72)	kotsoto	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ĩka, ĩkapa (EM72)	ĩka, ĩkapa	doubtful loan into proto-language	Maybe Arawak source; cf. Piapoco, Baniwa íkaa	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	hena	hena	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	hai (EM72)	hai	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	pili (EM72)	pili	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
liver	hígado	figado	body	pili amugu, amokɨ (EM72)	pili amugu, amokɨ (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	lape (EM72)	lape	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	noma (EM72)	noma	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	tsãi tə (EM72)	tsãi tə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
moon	luna	lua	environment	pilipoma (EM72)	pilipoma (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	#NAME?	#NAME?	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
mouth	boca	boca	body	kai (EM72)	kai (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
name	nombre	nome	human	wãh, hito (both EM72)	wãh, hito (both EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	atepə (EM72)	atepə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	olai (EM72)	olai	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
new	nuevo	novo	quality	tute	tute	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
night	noche	noite	time	numi, luɨ (both EM72, "dark time")	numi, luɨ (both EM72, "dark time")	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
no/not	no	não	grammar	pəla (EM72)	pəla	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
nose	nariz	nariz	body	hũa, hĩso (both EM72)	hũa, hĩso	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
old	viejo	velho	quality	ole (EM72, inanimate), pate tə (EM72, elderly, respected)	ole, pate tə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
one	uno	um	number	tsami (EM72)	tsami (EM72)	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	hakopa (EM72)	hakopa	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
other	otro	outro	grammar	ai	ai	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	sali (EM72)	sali	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	tsanɨma	tsanɨma	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	pasɨ (EM72)	pasɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	maa te (EM72)	maa te	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	hanaha	hanaha	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	kate (EM72)	kate	doubtful loan	Tupi-Guarani	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	pilitso	pilitso	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
root	raíz	raiz	flora	našikili (EM72)	naʃikili	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	hote (EM72)	hote	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sand	arena	areia	environment	makamaka (EM72)	makamaka (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
say	decir	dizer	mental	ku	ku	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	tikoko (EM72)	tikoko	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
see	ver	ver	mental	mɨ, ta (both EM72)	mɨ, ta (both EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	namo (EM72)	namo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	nia (EM72)	nia	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
short	corto	curto	quality	hototi (EM72)	hototi	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	hakanakɨ (EM72)	hakanakɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	lo (EM72)	lo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
skin	piel	pele	body	ɨsɨ (EM72)	ɨsɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sky	cielo	céu	environment	hutumosɨ (EM72)	hutumosɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	mi (EM72)	mi	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	išinapɨ, wanipɨ (both EM72)	iʃinapɨ, wanipɨ	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	wãkiši (EM72)	wãkiʃi	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	niša, ususa (EM72)	niʃa, ususa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	nakima (EM72)	nakima	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	patho, kaka (EM72)	patho, kaka	inheritance; unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ãuhu, hutemo (EM72)	ãuhu, hutemo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ɨpa (EM72)	ɨpa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
star	estrella	estrela	environment	šitikali (EM72)	ʃitikali	loan (into protolanguage?)	Carib, e.g. Pemon sírikɨ́	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
steal	robar	roubar	other	thomɨmo (EM72)	tʰomɨmo	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	hi ti (stick CL)	hi ti (stick CL)	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	maama, maatama (both EM72)	maama, maatama (both EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ususa, ukuka (EM72)	ususa, ukuka	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	hɨlɨ (EM72)	hɨlɨ	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	helɨ (EM72)	helɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	pili sina (pili possibly denotes that it's part an animal?), šina (EM72)	pili sina, ʃina	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	mi, ki (both EM72)	mi, ki (both EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	tsupe (EM72)	tsupe	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
thin	delgado	fino	quality	patete (EM72)	patete	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
think	pensar	pensar	mental	pii, piiku (EM72)	pii, piiku	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
this	este/esta	este	grammar	hi (EM72)	hi (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	kawa (EM72)	kawa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
three	tres	tres	number	išinati (EM72 "few")	iʃinati	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
throat	garganta	garganta	body			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	tsətsə (EM72)	tsətsə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	tsani tə (EM72)	tsani tə	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	õka (EM72)	õka	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	aka (EM72)	aka (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tooth	diente	dente	body	na (EM72)	na (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	hãkoma, ioto (EM72)	hãkoma, ioto	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
two	dos	dois	number	polakapi (EM72)	polakapi (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	sua (EM72)	sua	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	hu (EM72)	hu	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
water	agua	agua	environment	maatu (EM72)	maatu (EM72)	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	hela (EM72)	hela (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kapite (EM72)	kapite (EM72)	unknown		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	mina kə, wena kə kutote (EM72)	mina kə, wena kə kutote	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
where?	donde	onde	grammar	witi ha (EM72)	witi ha	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
white	blanco	branco	colour	au, ausi (both EM72)	au, ausi (both EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	witipilia (EM72)	witipila	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-hɨsopɨ (EM72)	- hɨsopɨ	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
wind	viento	vento	environment	ipoko (EM72)	ipoko	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
wing	ala	asa	body	hatapɨna (EM72)	hatapɨna	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	suɨtə (EM72)	suɨtə (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	kalipolo (EM72)	kalipolo	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	kahilele (EM72)	kahilele	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	hanai, hane (both EM72)	hanai, hane (both EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bad	mal	mal	quality	wani	wani	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	ki (he she EM72), te (it inan. EM72)	ki, te	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	kamitʃa	kamitʃa	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	wakɨ (EM72)	wakɨ	unique		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
man/male	hombre	homem	human	wanotə (EM72)	wanotə (EM72)	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	MAYBE Carib source; cf. warawok in Akawaio, warayoʔ in Macushi, warato in Pemon	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ki tɨkɨ (dual EM72), ki tɨpɨ (pl. non-dist. EM72)	ki tɨkɨ, ki tɨpɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ta (EM72)	ta	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kamitšamak (pl. incl. EM72)	kamitʃamak	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	kaomak (plural EM72)	kaomak (plural EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bark	corteza	casca	environment	hɨɨsɨ (EM72)	hɨɨsɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fingernail	uña	unha	body	nasɨ (EM72 "nail, claw")	nasɨ (EM72 "nail, claw")	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
heart	corazón	coração	body	pili khoso, kotso (EM72)	pili khoso, kotso (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sun	sol	sol	time	motokɨ (EM72)	motokɨ	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	heu (EM72), maamakɨ (EM72)	heu, maamakɨ	inheritance; inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
green	verde	verde	quality			missing		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hot	caliente	quente	quality	tsopi (EM72)	tsopi (EM72)	inheritance		See Language page	Kelsey Neely

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes	Created By
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub	Kelsey Neely
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	kepu	kepu		inheritance						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no		Kelsey Neely
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	thomɨ a, thomɨ sianana a, thomɨ gɨgɨ (general classification?)	tʰomɨ a, tʰomɨ sianana a, tʰomɨ kɨkɨ		inheritance		generic? also thomɨ a, thomɨ sianana a				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	iwathama	iwathama		unknown	cf. Carib 'iguana' iwana					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi	Kelsey Neely
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no		Kelsey Neely
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	tholobo a, tholobo suɨsuɨmɨ a, haza tholobo a, hotawa a, kasana a, kasitoli a, minagɨpisilema a, wanabanaima a, tholobo gɨgɨ (possible general term)	tʰolobo a, tʰolobo suɨsuɨmɨ a, haʃa tʰolobo a, hotawa a, kasana a, kasitoli a, minagɨpisilema a, wanabanaima a, tʰolobo gɨgɨ (possible general term)		inheritance						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes				missing						missing	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes		Kelsey Neely
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	šio (EM72), kutšiaka (EM72) (both species unknown)	ʃio (EM72), kutʃiaka (EM72)		inheritance						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	soko a (coll. Anteater), olosomɨ a (silky anteater), tebɨ a (giant anteater, tebɨ nase a (giant anteater), tebɨ bɨ (general classification?)	soko a (coll. Anteater), olosomɨ a (silky anteater), tebɨ a (giant anteater, tebɨ nase a (giant anteater), tebɨ bɨ (general classification?)		inheritance		soko a (coll. Anteater), olosomɨ a (silky anteater), tebɨ a (giant anteater, tebɨ nase a (giant anteater),				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no		Kelsey Neely
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	obo a, sagosɨ a, opo, waka a, mono a (EM72)	obo a, sagosɨ a, opo, waka a, mono a (EM72)		inheritance		also waka a, mono a, obo a, sagosɨ a				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant	Kelsey Neely
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree	Kelsey Neely
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	okoma (EM72)	okoma (EM72)		semantic shift	prob. Heliconia					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.	Kelsey Neely
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	hɨwɨ bɨ (general "bats")	hɨwɨ bɨ		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Guahiban	generic 'bat'				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant	Kelsey Neely
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	himoto (EM72)	himoto		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		tsalo	tsalo		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree	Kelsey Neely
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing						missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua	Kelsey Neely
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	kaukusɨ ('calabash', EM72), holokoto ('gourd', EM72)	kaukusɨ ('calabash', EM72), holokoto ('gourd', EM72)		inheritance		both terms inherited				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree	Kelsey Neely
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree	Kelsey Neely
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	wisa a	wisa a		unknown						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	ʃio, kutʃiaka	ʃio, kutʃiaka		missing		(both species unknown)				uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes		Kelsey Neely
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	kazu a, katsu (EM72)	kaʃu a, katsu		loan (into protolg?)	North Arawak	e.g. Wapishana kaʃu				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties	Kelsey Neely
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	thotho	thotho		missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine	Kelsey Neely
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant	Kelsey Neely
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	pose a (unspec. Peccary)	pose a (unspec. Peccary)		inheritance		also wale a (other unspecified peccary type)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	salusi a, salusi kɨsɨkɨsɨmɨ a, salusi gɨgɨ (possible general term)	salusi a, salusi kɨsɨkɨsɨmɨ a, salusi kɨkɨ (possible general term)		inheritance		generic? also salusi a, salusi kɨsɨkɨsɨmɨ a				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	šinanu (EM72)	ʃinanu		doubtful loan	Arawak: Piapoco sáawali					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')	Kelsey Neely
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	õko bɨ (general "crabs"), oko (EM72)	õko bɨ (general "crabs"), oko (EM72)		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	paluli (EM72)	paluli (EM72)		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	haza a , haza kadumɨ a, haza gɨgɨ (general classification?)	haʃa a , haʃa katumɨ a, haʃa kɨkɨ (general classification?)		inheritance		generic? also haza a , haza kadumɨ a				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	poie (EM72)	poie (EM72)		unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no		Kelsey Neely
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes		Kelsey Neely
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		salaga bɨ (edible fish only), tsaraka (EM72)	salaga bɨ (edible fish only), tsalaka (EM72)		inheritance		salaga bɨ (edible fish only)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	thoo	thoo		unique						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree	Kelsey Neely
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	noma (EM72)	noma		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	moo (EM72)	mo:		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub	Kelsey Neely
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	hadamɨ	hadamɨ		missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	sĩsi	sĩsi		missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no		Kelsey Neely
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no		Kelsey Neely
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	manasi	manasi		loan - WW	%mare					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no		Kelsey Neely
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine	Kelsey Neely
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	kokoi	kokoi		loan	Arawak	e.g. Yavitero kukuwi				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	paki	paki		inheritance						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant	Kelsey Neely
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	ilo a	ilo a		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	teso (EM72)	teso (EM72)		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no		Kelsey Neely
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana	Kelsey Neely
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	tului a, sanuna a?, ɨla (EM72)	tului a, sanuna a?, ɨla (EM72)		inheritance		also sanuna a?, ɨla				uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes		Kelsey Neely
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree	Kelsey Neely
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree	Kelsey Neely
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant	Kelsey Neely
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	ala (EM72, red), kulikatsa (EM72, blue)	ala (EM72, red), kulikatsa (EM72, blue)		loan into protolanguage - WW	%arara	Panare ara; see also Arawak, e.g. Mandawaka adáːlu. Also kulikatsa (blue macaw)	WW	%ara		uncoded	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	sinimo	sinimo		inheritance?						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant	Kelsey Neely
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	našikoko (EM72)	naʃikoko		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield	Kelsey Neely
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	walemo koko (EM72)	walemo koko (EM72)		unknown						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety	Kelsey Neely
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				missing						missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch	Kelsey Neely
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ukišili	ukiʃili		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing						missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species	Kelsey Neely
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	plolo	plolo		inheritance		also hadamɨ a				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	pumodomɨ a, pumodomɨ tanama a	pumodomɨ a, pumodomɨ tanama a		unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no		Kelsey Neely
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	amotha a	amotʰa a		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm	Kelsey Neely
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kulikiasa bɨ (general term "parrots")	kulikiasa bɨ (general term "parrots")		loan - WW	%kuli	Baniwa; Yavitero kul'i-kul'i				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no		Kelsey Neely
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm	Kelsey Neely
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	lasa	lasa	peach palm							missing	Migliazza 1972: 313	2	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant	Kelsey Neely
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant	Kelsey Neely
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]		Kelsey Neely
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	hiwala a, hoobɨ a	hiwala a, ho:bɨ a		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato	Kelsey Neely
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree	Kelsey Neely
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes		Kelsey Neely
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing						missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries	Kelsey Neely
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	simɨ a, saulemɨ a, simɨ gɨgɨ (possible general term)	simɨ a, saulemɨ a, simɨ gɨgɨ (possible general term)		inheritance		simɨ a, saulemɨ a				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	sɨlasi bɨ (general "lizards")	sɨlasi bɨ (general "lizards")		unique					Broader (generic 'lizard')	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		olɨgɨgɨ (edible snakes only), olɨkɨkɨ (EM72)	olɨgɨgɨ (edible snakes only), olɨkɨkɨ (EM72)		inheritance					Narrower (edible snakes only)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	aloamɨgɨgɨ	aloamɨgɨgɨ		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes		Kelsey Neely
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant	Kelsey Neely
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	wazabasi a (unspecified species), wazabasi kusukusumɨ a (unspecified), wazabasi gɨgɨ (possible general term)	waʃabasi a (unspecified species), waʃabasi kusukusumɨ a (unspecified), waʃabasi gɨgɨ (possible general term)		inheritance	Carib	Mapoyo wayari, or Quechua waywash, see also Ashuar (Q loan); generic? also wazabasi a (unspecified species), wazabasi kusukusumɨ a (unspecified)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant	Kelsey Neely
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	sama a, tsama (EM72)	sama a, tsama (EM72)		inheritance		tsama (Migliazza 1972)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	sozo bɨ (general "toads")	soʃo bɨ		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	pini (EM72)	pini (EM72)		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant	Kelsey Neely
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria				missing						missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no		Kelsey Neely
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	mazubɨ bɨ (general "toucans"), matsupɨ (EM72)	maʃubbɨ bɨ (general "toucans"), matsupɨ (EM72)		inheritance		generic 'toucan'				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		hiiti (EM72)	hiiti		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant	Kelsey Neely
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no		Kelsey Neely
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	kobinana bɨ (general term "wasps")	kobinana bɨ (general term "wasps")		inheritance		generic 'wasp'				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	waasi a	wa:si a		loan	North Arawak, prob. Yavitero huatsĩ	Yavitero huatsĩ 'tufted capuchin'				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	paso a (spider monkey)	paso a (spider monkey)		inheritance						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	wale	wale		inheritance						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape	Kelsey Neely
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no		Kelsey Neely
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no		Kelsey Neely
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	sagona sai (from tree of Myristicacae family)	sagona sai									See Language page									Kelsey Neely
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		poie	poie		unique							See Language page									Epps Research Team
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		haza a , haza kadumɨ a, haza gɨgɨ (general classification?)	haza a, haza kadumɨ a, haza gɨgɨ		inheritance							See Language page									Epps Research Team

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source	Created By
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	wä	wǝ	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	wɨ (EM72)	wɨ				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	mazulu	mazulu	loan	Arawak, cf. Warekena majúlu; see also Makiritare maju:du		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bed	cama	cama	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	makamothotho (EM72)	makamotʰotʰo	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kutiata	kutiata	unknown	maybe %kanawa		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			missing		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	sapuli	sapuli	inheritance		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology					Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other			missing		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
firewood	leña	lenha	other	thalõkõ	thalõkõ	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology					malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	sai dɨbɨ	sai dɨbɨ	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology			missing		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology			missing		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	boa (large cutting tool, esp. for meat), thomɨnakɨ(EM72)	boa, tʰomɨnakɨ	semantic shift (axe?); inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	boasai (Brazilian machete)	boasai (Brazilian machete)	semantic shift	from 'knife'		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	boa hẽdu (hatchet)	boa hẽdu (hatchet)	inheritance?		especially for clearing fields	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	silaga, arali nam (barbed arrow head made of arali tree), šilaka (EM72)	silaga, aɹali nam, ʃilaka	inheritance		hunting, warfare	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	sokopi, laga (large lance point), laga alugusiai (smaller lance point), samha, sokopi (EM72)	sokopi, laka (large lance point), laka alugusiai (smaller lance point), samha (EM72)	inheritance; unknown			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	silaka nahi (EM72)	silaka nahi (EM72)	inheritance		arco	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	saka	saka	unique			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
plate	plato	prato	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	hapoka	hapoka	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool			missing		agriculture?	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
wax	cera	cera	other			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
honey	miel	mel	food	pu	pu	inheritance		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	thãi thatha, thothotho (EM72)	tʰãi tʰatʰa, tʰotʰotʰo	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology					a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	(lit. 'the house in order to customarily explain paper to us')	(lit. 'the house in order to customarily explain paper to us')				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	teia te (Pt)	teia te (Pt)				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	waheta (Pt)	waheta (Pt)	loan	Span/Port 'papel'		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	mani	mani				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kalaka	kalaka	loan - WW	%karaka		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	pu	pu				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sotato	sotato	loan	Span/Port soldado		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
cat	gato	gato	acculturation			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	atakusa	atakusa	loan	Span arcabuz, via Carib		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
salt	sal	sal	food			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	ama	ama	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool			missing		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool					hunting and warfare	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	tsauha (EM72)	tsauha (EM72)	inheritance		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	tsokɨ (EM72)	tsokɨ (EM72)				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	nama hu (EM72)	nama hu (EM72)				See Language page	Kelsey Neely
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	tsalo (EM72)	tsalo (EM72)	inheritance		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	kaukusɨ ('calabash', EM72), holokoto ('gourd', EM72)	kaukusɨ ('calabash', EM72), holokoto ('gourd', EM72)	unknown; doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	%koto/matoko		See Language page	Kelsey Neely
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	hɨlɨka (EM72)	hɨlɨka	inheritance		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture			missing		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	ĩšaai (EM72)	ĩʃa:i	unique	manioc' forms not missing initial /n/	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			missing		agriculture	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			missing		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool					agriculture	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool			missing		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool			missing		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool					can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool						See Language page	Kelsey Neely
bottom grinding stone			manufacture			missing		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
digging stick			subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			missing		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page	Kelsey Neely
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
spearthrower			subsistence tool			missing			See Language page	Kelsey Neely
house			other	tsai (EM72)	tsai (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page	Kelsey Neely

Grammatical Data (226)

Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Orthographic Form	Grammatical Notes	Source	Created By	General Notes
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no			Migliazza 1972: p.38-39	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no			Migliazza 1972: p.38-39	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		allophonic palatalization does exist, some attributed to Makiritare Carib influence	Migliazza 1972: p.214	Kelsey Neely	palatalization of k before i, possible Makiritare feature.
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no			Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no			Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no			Migliazza 1972: p.205	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes			Migliazza 1972: p.205	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no			Migliazza 1972: p.205	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no			Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no			Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes			Migliazza 1972: p.208-213	Kelsey Neely
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no info		nasalization is a property of the morpheme, but there is no info on whether or not this spreads throughout words	Migliazza 1972: p. 206	Kelsey Neely	morphemic
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes			Migliazza 1972: p.158	Kelsey Neely	Many yanomama pronouce everything partially nasalized
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	yes		with certain evidentials	Borgman 1990: 170	Kelsey Neely
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	no evidence for this
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes			Borgman 1990: p.164-186	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples with multiple verbal suffixes denoting aspect, tense, or other categories
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples throughout text
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples throughout text
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples throughout text
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes			Borgman 1990: p.198	Kelsey Neely
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no info				Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no info				Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no info				Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes		usually involves an intransitive verb	Borgman 1990: p.208	Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info				Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes		Borgman says it "can be considered" an auxiliary	Borgman 1990: p.207	Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	yes		doesn't intransitivize. Borgman analyzes this as "Verb Head compounds" (N and V compound). This structure is more or less identical to N incorporation in Yanomami	Borgman 1990: p.207-208	Kelsey Neely
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	yes		adverbs	Borgman 1990: p.204	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no			Borgman 1990: p.144-147	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	no			Borgman 1990: p.144-147	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	thin: /ösö/, root/: /koko/, rope: /thoto/, hard fruit: /ma/	about 15	Borgman 1990: p. 144-147	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no			Borgman 1990: p. 144-151	Kelsey Neely	no mention of sex distinction
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no			Borgman 1990: p.144-151	Kelsey Neely	no mention of sex distinction
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no			Borgman 1990: p.149-151	Kelsey Neely	no mention of sex distinction
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes		for noun classifiers, but not noun classes (because there are none)	Borgman 1990: p.147-148	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no			Borgman 1990: p.144-151	Kelsey Neely	no mention of special numeral classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		yes	töpö (3PL), pö (PL with class)	Appears to pattern like Yanomami; clitic can be separated from noun by other elements	Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	inferred from examples
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no			Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		certain person marking on the noun implies specificity but isn't a specific article	Borgman 1990: p.144-146	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no info				Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes	kamisamakõ (1PL.EXCL), makõ (1PL.INCL/2PL)		Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no			Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely	based on data for "short form PNs"; it's debatable whether these are bound or not
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	yes, 3	near speaker: /hi/, near listener: /mi/, far: /ki/		Borgman 1990: p.151	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no			Borgman 1990: p.151	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no			Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no			Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no			Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no			Borgman 1990: p.150	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no			Borgman 1990, p.43-44	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no			Borgman 1990, p. 154	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	3	ergative/instrumental: /-nö/, oblique: /niha, ha/,	ergative and instrumental indicated with the same morpheme	Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely	several suffixes used for several meanings
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Only the absolutive isn't marked	Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no			Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely	no discussion of this, and from data in other languages, I'm assuming not
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no			Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely	no discussion of this, and from data in other languages, I'm assuming not
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes	ergative/instrumental: /-nö/, oblique: /niha, ha/,		Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no			Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no			Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no			Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no			Borgman 1990, p. 119-126	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	probably a no since the ergative and instrumental are the same
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no			Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no			Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no			Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no			Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no			Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		no numerals above 2	Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		no numerals above 2	Migliazza 1972	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	probably not
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	probably not
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes	1st person: /ipa/, 2nd person: /au/	for 1st and 2nd person	Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no info		possibly for 3rd person	Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no info			Borgman 1990: p.126-128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes			Borgman 1990: p. 128	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no		descriptive verbs are derived from verbs, quantifiers, however, are underived	Borgman 1990: p. 209	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no			Borgman: p. 209	Kelsey Neely	no mention of this, probably not
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes	/wi/		Borgman 1990: 142-144	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no		derives "subject", but not "agent" exactly	Borgman 1990: 142-144	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no			Borgman 1990: 142-144	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info			Borgman 1990: p.34-35	Kelsey Neely	no info on commitative, only on coordination
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes			Borgman 1990: 169	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	immediate: /ke, kehe, kuhe/; recent: /kupi, köpi, kipi/; distant: /kupili, köpili, kipili/		Borgman 1990: 169	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		separate word	Borgman 1990: 169	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		no		separate word	Borgman 1990: 169	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no			Borgman 1990: 169	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no			Borgman 1990: 169	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no			Borgman 1990: 73-76	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no			Borgman 1990: 73-76	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes	pöko, pö	desiderative	Borgman 1990: 79	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no			Borgman 1990: 172, 195-197	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no			Borgman 1990: 172, 195-197	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes	kite, matimõ		Borgman 1990: 172, 195-197	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes	suffix /-õ/		Borgman 1990: 173-186	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info				Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes	horizontal /la/, vertical /po/, down /kili/ (all 3 only used w/ present witnessed)		Borgman 1990: 165	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	yes	ku-		Borgman 1990: 165	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	yes	present: no/noa, past: thai/thali	combined nonvisual and reported	Borgman 1990: 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	yes			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		yes			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no			Borgman 1990: 165, 170	Kelsey Neely
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	no evidence for this
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no			Borgman 1990: 19	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no			Borgman 1990: 19	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no			Borgman 1990: 19	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no			Borgman 1990: 19	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no			Borgman 1990: 19	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	evidenced by examples throughout
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely	evidenced by examples throughout
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes			Borgman 1990: 127	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no			Borgman 1990: 127	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no			Borgman 1990: 129	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes			Borgman 1990: 129	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes			Borgman 1990: 129	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no			Borgman 1990: 129	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Num-Noun		no info				Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Noun-Num		no info				Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes			Borgman 1990: 129, 133	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no			Borgman 1990: 129, 133	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no			Borgman 1990: 129	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no			Borgman 1990: 129	Kelsey Neely
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes			Borgman 1990: 67	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	yes			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	yes			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no			Borgman 1990: 121	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes	with full forms: 1sg: /kamisa/, 2sg: /kawa/, 1pl.excl: /kamisakö/, 1pl.incl/2pl: /kamakö/, 3sg: /kama/, 3dl: /kama tõkõ/ /kama kökö/, 3pl: /kama töpö/, /kama pö/		Borman 1990:149	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		as clitics not prefixes, but Borgman analyzes these as separate words	Borgman 1990: 149	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		can be omitted, but not common	Borgman 1990: 26	Kelsey Neely	evidence from examples
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		can be omitted	Borgman 1990: 29	Kelsey Neely	evidence from examples
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes		can be omitted	Borgman 1990: 29	Kelsey Neely	evidence from examples
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes		can be included or omitted, but are often omitted	Borgman 1990: 39	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes		can be included or omitted, but are often omitted	Borgman 1990: 39	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	1sg: /ipa/, 2sg: /au/		Borgman 1990: 126	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes			Borgman 1990: 32	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no			Borgman 1990: 32	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no			Borgman 1990: 32	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes	suffix /-so/		Borgman 1990: 45	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no			Borgman 1990: 43	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		no reflexive	Borgman 1990: 43-45	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes			Borgman 1990: 46-47	Kelsey Neely	I disagree with Borgman
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no			Borgman 1990: 46-47	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no			Borgman 1990: 47-51	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes	suffix /-ma/		Borgman 1990: 47-51	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no			Borgman 1990: 47-53	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no			Borgman 1990: 47-53	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no			Borgman 1990: 47-53	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no			Borgman 1990: 47-53	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no info				Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no			Borgman 1990: 82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes	/ma/		Borgman 1990: 82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	no			Borgman 1990: 82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes	/ma/		Borgman 1990: 82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no			Borgman 1990: 82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		double negatives makes a positive	Borgman 81-88	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no	/ma/ (negative existance), /mi/ (descriptive verb: 'zero, none' quantity)		Borgman 1990: 81-82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no		uses /ma/ and /mi/ negation markers	Borgman 1990: 81-82	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives	Borgman 1990: 72-73	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives	Borgman 1990: 72-73	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives	Borgman 1990: 72-73	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		intonation is identical to declarative intonation. Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives	Borgman 1990: 66	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no			Borgman 1990: 66-67	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes			Borgman 1990: 209-210	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no			Borgman 1990: 209-210	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes			Borgman 1990: 20-21	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no			Borgman 1990: 133	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no			Borgman 1990: 133	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes			Borgman 1990: 140	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no			Borgman 1990: 133	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no	/i/ followed by pn or classifier	relativizer is an anaphor: rel pn /i/ followed by the appropriate classifier pronoun (person/ number marker or noun classifier)	Borgman 1990: 133	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	suffix /po/	"desired fulfillment"	Borgman 1990: 196	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	yes		he calls this "chaining" but I'm not sure that it fits the description in this template	Borgman 1990: 102	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no info			Borgman 1990	Kelsey Neely
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no		denoted with particles : /tehe/ 'while', /pali/ 'first', /ha/ 'after'	Borgman 1990: 158-160	Kelsey Neely

Ethnographic Information

Current population (ethnicity)	Current population (speakers)	Former population estimate	Subsistence preference	Subsistence notes	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome (riverine/interfluvial/coastal/desert/savannah/etc.)	Social hierarchies	Multilingualism (rare/occasional/common)	Contact languages	Marriage pattern	Notes	Source	Created By
	5000	large	HG		medium	seasonal	Interfluvial