| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 122 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Allin calls these "corroborative," but all examples are polar questions. They use the same structure as basic declaratives, except for this preposed particle. |
Allin, 1976: 345-346 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 46 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 271 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18, 38 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
The polar questions in Mansen & Mansen (1979) do not have a special interrogative particle. |
Mansen & Mansen 1979 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 502 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 536 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1982:20 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:52 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
Based on example. The form is the graphemic form which as it occurs in the source |
Duff-Tripp 1997:116 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:130 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p370 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 389-390 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:13 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:19 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:57 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:69; Thiesen - 1996:66 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 344 |
|
Example sentences seem to indicate that polar questions can take rising intonation OR interrogative particle- see pg. 344 |
|
| Makushi |
no |
Polar questions do not have any overt marking other than the intonation. The word order remains the same for declarative clauses. |
Abbott 1991: 46 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
It is not clear if the interrogative particle refers to polar or content question though. |
Palmegiani 2002:80 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 145 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This particle occurs sentence-finally |
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:86 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
There are five different interrogative particles |
Quesada 2008:61-3 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:118-9 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura 1993:46 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:476 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
Rising intonation is used along with the polar interrogative particle |
Mortensen 1999:13 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Orr et all. 1991:21 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1972:260-1 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
These sentences have very often an uncertainty particle on it |
Fleck:984 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
This seems to be the same interrogative particle used for content questions. But the interrogative particle does not appear always. There may be some polar interrogatives which are only distinguished fron declaratives by intonation. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 253-61 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
Only the mood changes |
Jung:183-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:92-94 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:154 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:831 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:65 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
uncertain; modal/evidential type prefix on pronouns |
Landaburu 1979: 119-122 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
This construction is usually for focalized information |
Giron 2008: 391 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
follows noun or phrase to ask a question about the expression |
Miller 1999, p. 8, 133 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 20 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 381 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 |
|
replaces other suffixes |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.56 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The question markers are -ri, -hari, -di, -ti, one of which occurs on the main verb in both yes-no questions and question-word questions. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.115 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Questions are formed by adding a question marker to an indicative clause. The question marker is usually clause initial. |
Strom 1992, p.141 |
|
Yahe does not occur in negative questions. Bai extends only to constituents of the sentence and can occur in positive or negative |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:160 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 143 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 219 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.62 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives |
Borgman 1990: 72-73 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
This particle is sentence-finally. However, the interrogative particle is optional. The main difference between interrogative and declarative sentences is that the former does not inflect for many categories as the latter does. |
Everett 2006:322:3 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:343 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:37-8 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:537 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms7.4.2, ms10.2.1.i |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
78-80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
LG52 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
78, 106 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
163 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
57 |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
150 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 54 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No info |
|
381-2 |
|
|
x |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
196; 216 |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
259 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
209 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
236 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
339 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
482 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
207 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
111, 143 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
332 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
152 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
159 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
151 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
58-59 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
95 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
127 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
100 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
203 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
215 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
339 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 128 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
504 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
133 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
301 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
278 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 10 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
871 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes? |
|
140-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.3.6 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
168 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
137 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
second position clitic |
Payne and Payne 1990:308 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
káphaa, clause-initial |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
