Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

die/be dead

Semantic Field
state
Part of Speech
Meaning Spanish
morir
Meaning Portuguese
morrer

Languages

Language Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Source Created By General Notes
Bankalachi Toloim mo-go-poon “died recently” inheritance Jane Hill
Big Smokey Valley Shoshone tiaih (sg subj) inheritance Jane Hill
Cahuilla -muk- inheritance S&H 1979 Jane Hill
Central Sierra Miwok cha/m-shy- inheritance Jane Hill
Chemehuevi ja7i/ (sg) inheritance Jane Hill
Chumash Barbareno aqshan inheritance Klar 1977:81 Jane Hill
Chumash Cruzeno q'ini unknown JPH Jane Hill
Chumash Ineseno aqshan inheritance Klar 1977:81 Jane Hill
Chumash Obispeno qsa, ksa inheritance Klar 1977:81 Jane Hill
Chumash Ventureno aqsha inheritance Klar 1977:81 Jane Hill
Cocopa mSpa, 7i:m (spl) unknown Jane Hill
Comanche kooity (sg) inheritance Jane Hill
Cupeño qaawi-0, [qa:wi], unique Jane Hill
Esselen chuneipa, chunai- unknown Shaul 1995:195, 211 Jane Hill
Gabrielino myo:kmok “he died” inheritance Jane Hill
Iipay 'Aa melay, shaawattp [məˈlai], [şaˑˈwatp] unknown Jane Hill
Kawaiisu juwe7e-kwee- ju-(w)e7e “be-not” unique Jane Hill
Kiliwa (s)-pi; (s)-pi-t-u inheritance Jane Hill
Kitanemuk muk inheritance Jane Hill
Lake Miwok jo/ok loan Jane Hill
Luiseño pi7muk- inheritance Jane Hill
Maidu wo/no inheritance Jane Hill
Mojave ipuy= inheritance Jane Hill
Mutsun se:mo “dead one” ; semmon “die” inheritance O77:136. 199 Jane Hill
Nisenan wo:n, wo:no inheritance Jane Hill
Northern Paiute jai,ja7i (sg), inheritance SAA 1982 Jane Hill
Northern Sierra Miwok camsy- inheritance Jane Hill
Plains Miwok ceme:n-y- inheritance Jane Hill
Salinan A a/xap (A), unknown Jane Hill
Salinan M ci/tip unknown Mason 1918:139 Jane Hill
Seri (Comcaac) cooxi (especially of animal) unknown Jane Hill
Serrano mymy7k (sg) inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Paiute ja7ai-S inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Sierra Miwok cam-h- inheritance Jane Hill
Southern Ute je7ei inheritance Jane Hill
Tübatulabal muuk-ut (sg) inheritance Jane Hill
Tümpisa Shoshone tijaih (sg); inheritance Jane Hill
Wappo cho/7el-ya:mi7 “going to die” unknown Jane Hill
Washo ju/li E- Pi unknown J520 Jane Hill
Western Mono edaa- unknown Jane Hill
Wintu kira: inheritance Jane Hill
Yavapai pi/ inheritance Jane Hill
Yokuts Palewyami Tawatsi “he is dead” inheritance JPH Berman 2002 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yawdanchi tHawich inheritance K07:251 Jane Hill
Yokuts Yowlumne tHa:waTh inheritance G1964 Jane Hill
Yuki k'o(:)l- “die, shrivel (K1911)”, also “kill” S&S inheritance S&S1984 Jane Hill
Yuma apo:/yk “they die” H1:28, apu/y H4:29 inheritance Jane Hill
Baniwa malíome maɺíome unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Carijona ahehɨrɨ unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Zach Burnett, PLE
Cubeo cójipoyʉ, yaiyʉ́ kóxipojɨ, jaijɨ́ unknown; inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely; Tanja Baeuerlein
Dâw kasãm kaʃãm unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Desano sĩrĩri sĩrĩri unique See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Eñepa y-usuka-n j-usuka-n unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Hodï kalu'ti unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez
Waorani wæ̃ unique See Language page Paulina Franco, Bettie Gonzalez, PLE
Hup naʔ- ~daʔ- inheritance See Language page Pattie Epps
Kakua wɨn inheritance See Language page Katherine Bolaños
Makushi saʔmanta (IDS) saʔmanta (IDS) unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Nheengatu manũ manũ inheritance See Language page John Blaha, Lauren Franklin
Ninam hušmi huʃmi unique See Language page Kelsey Neely
Nukak bɨɨdn2 inheritance See Language page Lauren Franklin
Maihiki juiyi (1st person singular) xũı̃ji inheritance See Language page Daniel Valle
Pemon e-tika (A1981); eri'nö (M2000) etika (A1981) inheritance See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Sanumá noma noma inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Sikuani tɨ́:pa inheritance See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, Rebecca Khorram, PLE
Tariana yãmi, ɲami jãmi, ɲami unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Tukano wẽrĩsé wẽrĩsé inheritance See Language page Ana Paula, Amanda Novak
Kotiria yari jari inheritance cognate Piratapuyo See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yanomam noma noma inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yanomami noma-ɨ noma-ɨ inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Yukuna taka'akaje takaʔakahe inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yuhup bó bó loan Tukanoan See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Arabana kumpira unique Claire Bowern
Bardi -ji(i)(m)bi- -ji(i)(m)bi- inheritance Claire Bowern
Bunuba [missing] missing Claire Bowern
Burarra juwa unknown Claire Bowern
Dhangu rakuny unknown Claire Bowern
Dhuwal 1802 Claire Bowern
Dhuwala dhiŋgam(a) unknown Claire Bowern
Diyari pali- inheritance Claire Bowern
DiyariREU palinta inheritance Claire Bowern
Djambarrpuyngu dhiŋgam(a) Claire Bowern
Djapu dhiŋgam(a) unknown Claire Bowern
Djinang ḏalpamdjidji inheritance Claire Bowern
Gajirrabeng dijbel unique Claire Bowern
Gooniyandi nganyandi Claire Bowern
Gupapuyngu 1801 unknown Claire Bowern
Gurindji tampang karri- loan Jaminjung Claire Bowern
Jabirr-Jabirr ma-djimben ma-jimben inheritance Claire Bowern
Jaru nag loan Claire Bowern
Jawi injibee inyibi inheritance Claire Bowern
Karajarri 4071 unknown Claire Bowern
Kija nhang loan Gooniyandi Claire Bowern
Malyangapa Mal: pali- inheritance Claire Bowern
Mangala nari semantic shift Claire Bowern
Miriwung joowari inheritance Claire Bowern
Mithaka palindu inheritance Claire Bowern
Mudburra dikirrij Claire Bowern
Mudburra dikirrij loan Claire Bowern
Ngamini naRina inheritance Claire Bowern
Ngarluma nyurndiwarni(-gu) Claire Bowern
Ngumbarl jillalee ngarring <jillalee ngarring> unknown Claire Bowern
Nhirrpi nari loan Claire Bowern
Nimanburru ma-djimben ma-jimben inheritance Claire Bowern
Northern Mangarla jimpiny Claire Bowern
Northern Nyangumarta pungkinyi- (V1) semantic shift Claire Bowern
Nyangumarta 4805 unknown Claire Bowern
Nyikina koord kurd loan into protolanguage Pama-Nyungan Claire Bowern
Nyulnyul mad@iemban majimban inheritance Claire Bowern
Paakantyi buga-la- inheritance Claire Bowern
Pirriya pukananha unique Claire Bowern
Pitta-Pitta ityi unique Claire Bowern
Rirratjingu rakunydji Claire Bowern
Ritharrngu 1802 Claire Bowern
Walmajarri pirlajarri- inheritance Claire Bowern
Wangkayutyuru yiji- unique Claire Bowern
Warrwa gurd ngindany XXngl it died kurd ngindany loan into protolanguage Pama-Nyungan Claire Bowern
Yan-nhangu 1801 inheritance Claire Bowern
Yandruwandha paldri inheritance Claire Bowern
Yarluyandi purra-purra- inheritance Claire Bowern
Yawarrawarrka pandriri semantic shift Claire Bowern
Yawuru darlb+; jiwarri+ darlb+; jiwarri+ inheritance Claire Bowern
Achagua mánali: mánali: unknown; inheritance See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Piapoco étácawa étákawa See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Kabiyari mikuu mikuu See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Yavitero wiyua wijua See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Bare dawí dawí See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wapishana mauwakʰa-n mauwakʰa-n unique See Language page Ana Paula B.
Wayuu ou-ta-a See Language page PLE
Yine hi-pna; hipɨka See Language page PLE Respectively: 'die' and 'death'. *Piro-Apuriná form is *hɨ-pɨna.
Paresi waini waini unique See Language page Ana Paula B., PLE
Ignaciano -'epena See Language page PLE
Trinitario -'epeno See Language page PLE
Baure -e'pe-; ṛ̌e'pen -e'pe-; ṛ̌e'pen inheritance See Language page Anissa Capuccino
Waurá a-kama a-kama inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick
Arutani atay atay See Language page John Blaha
Sape siya siya See Language page John Blaha
Cha'palaa 'pe-mu; 'pe-nu See Language page PLE For plants or trees: 'die' is 'man-'bi-nu. See 'lose' 11.330.
Bora tsɨxɨ́-βe, aapátʰe, ɨmoxɨ́ɨ́βe, kʷáyeééβe… (several others) tsɨxɨ́-βɛ, aapátʰɛ, ɨmoxɨ́ɨ́βɛ, kʷájɛέέβe… (several others) inheritance See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Muinane gíxé-βe-ʔi, čééme-ʔi gíxέ-βɛ-ʔi, tʃέέmɛ-ʔi See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Akawaio eeriiknö eriʔnö inheritance Akawaio-Pemon See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Lauren Franklin
Apalai orihnõko orihnõko inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Wayana lëmëp lǝmǝp inheritance? See Language page PLE
Tiriyó ëtïhka ǝtɨhka inheritance See Language page Becky Walker
Makiritare #NAME? #NAME? unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross, Karina Baeza
Mapoyo tapiki tapiki See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Wai Wai t-wayh-so t-wayh-so unique See Language page Melody Ann Ross
Waimiri Atroari damem, rymy damem, rɨmɨ See Language page Melody Ann Ross, PLE
Yabarana əsema'se (he died) See Language page Ana Paula B., John Blaha
Yukpa ekatpo, nekká tuweka See Language page Ana Paula B., Melody Ann Ross
Kalapalo tsitsi- tsitsi- unique See Language page Joyce McCormick
Muisca bgysqua, ys bcasqua βγɨskua, ɨs βkaskua See Language page Daniel Valle
Barí širɨ̃ aḳbaikãng See Language page PLE Also čɨgbah. Colombia: šidɨrikbaykaynə.
Northern Emberá beuí, haidái, baalẽ́ẽ, béu bodhóa beuí, haidái, baːlẽ́ẽ, béu bodhóa See Language page Jonathan Quintanilla, PLE
Epena hai-ʔi'daa-da See Language page PLE Refers to humans, lit. 'sickness-many-that.was'. 'piu-da, refers to animals, lit. 'die-that.was'. Verbal forms are hai-ʔidaa-; piu-, human, animal.
Guayabero tɨp inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Macaguan tʉp, tʉpé- tɨp, tɨpé- inheritance Proto-Guahiban See Language page Ana Paula B., Rebecca Khorram
Cuiva tɨ́pa morir, die Huber & Reed 1992:281 Rebecca Khorram
Cofán panjen, paye pajɛ See Language page Daniel Valle phonemic transcriptions are ESTIMATIONS
Candoshi-Shapra tsipáamaana tsipáamaana unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Taushiro va´ waʔ See Language page Daniel Valle
Páez o o See Language page Daniel Valle
Tikuna nayu (he dies) [2, 4] naju, [-ɟu] (verbal root) unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett, PLE
Urarina u u unique See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Camsa xóbanana xóbanana See Language page Daniel Valle, Anissa Capuchino
Andoke #NAME? -ʝi- (to be sick, dying: closest match) unique See Language page Kelsey Neely, PLE
Pumé jãbó See Language page Paulina Franco, PLE
Puinave -ɨi -ɨi unique See Language page Daniel Valle, Zach Burnett
Máku kinə kinə See Language page PLE
Warao wab wab See Language page John Blaha
Ashuar jákatin xakatin See Language page Daniel Valle
Huambisa jatasa xatasa See Language page Daniel Valle
Aguaruna besét bɨsɨt unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Nadëb/Roçado dialect a-ba:j ʃǝːk unique See Language page Ana Paula B., Pattie Epps
Matses uënës uɨnɨs unknown See Language page Daniel Valle, Becky Walker
Kakataibo βama-ti See Language page PLE kasunan-ti 'to leave something to die'. *Panoan *mawa-.
Katukina βopi- See Language page PLE
Shipibo-Konibo mawa-ti; hirioma See Language page PLE
Yaminahua nai See Language page PLE
Chácobo na-; rɨ-so- na-; rɨ-so- unknown See Language page Joyce McCormick
Yagua di ndi unique See Language page Daniel Valle
Southern Pastaza Quechua wañuna waɲuna See Language page Daniel Valle
Ingá wañui wañui See Language page Daniel Valle
Napo Lowland Quichua huañuna waɲuna See Language page Daniel Valle
Quechua Ayacuchano wañuy waɲuj See Language page Daniel Valle, PLE
Piaroa korupäi'ü kʔɔɾupæiʔɨ unknown See Language page Amanda Novak, Becky Walker
Sáliva ãhẽhajaha, añagamajaha ãʔẽʔahaʔa, añagamahaʔa unknown See Language page Becky Walker
Bará di'á-jai- See Language page Kelsey Neely, Tanja Baeuerlein
Barasano riha-re riha-re See Language page D. Jagannathan, Tanja Baeuerlein
Carapana riacoátáje ɾiakɔátáxɛ See Language page Amanda Novak, Tanja Baeuerlein
Makuna ~ko-re, goda-re, ɨsi hedi-re ~ko-re, goda-re, ɨsi hedi-re inheritance See Language page Amanda Novak, D. Jagannathan, Tanja Bauerlein
Yuruti día, 'bóa día, 'bóa See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Waikhana jari'a jari'a See Language page Ana Paula; Tanja Baeuerlein
Siriano boá-ri, cõõmó-ri boá-ri, kõõmó-ri See Language page Ana Paula, Kelsey Neely
Tanimuca re'dya ri'ka (human); 'hĩ'rĩ ri'ka (animal) re'ʎa ri'ka (human); 'hĩ'rĩ ri'ka (animal) inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Tatuyo ri'á- ri'á- See Language page Emily Buell, Paulina Franco
Tuyuka di'a diʔa See Language page D. Jagannathan, Paulina Franco, Ana Paula B.
Waimaja diádžáíkʰʷà diádʒáíkʰʷà See Language page Kelsey Neely
Koreguaje cho'osomʉ dʒoʔosomʉ unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Siona huesëji, ju'inji wesɨhi, wʔinhi inheritance; inheritance See Language page Kelsey Neely
Secoya ju'iñe huʔĩñɛ See Language page Amanda N
Karitiana owi, pop owi, pop unknown See Language page Daniel Valle
Kokama umanu umanu inheritance See Language page Zach Burnett, Daniel Valle
Wayampi -manɔ̃; amɨ -manɔ̃; amɨ inheritance See Language page PLE
Aché mano inheritance See Language page PLE
Chiriguano mãno inheritance See Language page PLE
Paraguayan Guaraní mano See Language page PLE
Sirionó mano; eraake; ečimama mano; eraake; ečimama inheritance See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Kamayurá mɑnõ mɑnõ inheritance See Language page Rebekah L. Evans
Ocaina urá nuu (U), ñomoonbi (D) ɯrá nɯɯ {u}, ɳom̵õõbi {d} unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Nɨpode Witoto ɗï.í-de ɗɯ.í-dɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Minica Witoto tï.í-de tɯ.í-dɛ See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz
Murui Witoto ɸi.odai-te ɸi.odai-tɛ unique See Language page Leslie Smith, Sarah Kuntz, PLE
Iquito ihuarɨɨni (also means to get sick); jiitaani iwarɨɨni (also means to get sick); hiitaani unique See Language page Cynthia Hansen
Záparo puk+nu pukɨnu See Language page Becky Walker
Wari miʔ pin; konoʔ miʔ pin; konoʔ See Language page PLE
Araona mano See Language page PLE *Tacn form is *mano-.
Ese Ejja mano-ʔyo- loan (into protolanguage?) Tupi-Guarani See Language page PLE
Ese Ejja/Huarayo mano-kwe; mano-yo- (Girard 1971) mano-kwe; mano-yo- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Tacana mano- See Language page PLE
Cavineña maho-ya-ke; e-maho-ke; ma-ho- (G71) maho-ya-ke; e-maho-ke; ma-ho- (G71) loan (into protolanguage?) Tupi-Guarani See Language page Joyce McCormick, Becky Walker
Central Aymara jiwaña xiwata; xiwa-ɲa See Language page PLE
Cayuvava ua; adu'a-riče; yarua See Language page PLE 'Dying' a'r-ua. Also čuku- 'I end, finish, die'.
Itonama u-baʔtʸa See Language page PLE Also naʔohna 'went up'; and makaʔohna 'went away'.
Kwazá hedutu-, isi-, towari- hedutu-, isi-, towari- See Language page Joyce McCormick
Mosetén-Chimané sæ'ɲi; i'hak See Language page Joyce McCormick, PLE The former also means 'corpse' 04.770. The latter, 'killed'; cf. 'murder' 21.420.
Movima kai-ni kai-ni See Language page Anissa Capuccino, Becky Walker
Trumai fakdits-e fakdits-e unique See Language page Rebekah L. Evans, PLE
Kaingang ter tɛr; hun ke; tũŋ See Language page PLE
Suyá tɨ tɨ See Language page Rebekah Evans
Karajá uru See Language page PLE
Djeoromitxi hahi hahi See Language page PLE
Chipaya tik-š; tik-č̣a See Language page PLE
Mocoví lew-aʁaik See Language page PLE Adj. form.
Pilagá yi-lew; lew-aʁaik See Language page PLE Lit. '3pa-die'.
Toba lew-aʁaik See Language page PLE Lit. 'die-adj.'
Lengua #NAME? See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Angaité atkitsipki; ankitsipki See Language page PLE
Sanapaná/Dialect Enlhet eŋhaapak; neŋetsepma; neŋmatnaam See Language page PLE Also nentekyawaam; neŋmaskeŋwayaamˀ; neŋyamasma (eŋmook); nentaʔhaekɬaʔ; alyetepma eŋneenyek; akwayaamˀ neeɬa knemˀ; akwayaamˀ neeɬa nenteyaaskamˀ; neŋelpeywaekɬaʔ.
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay yiɬ; i'lek See Language page PLE Respectively: verbal; noun forms.
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja -al ~ -el See Language page PLE
Maca #NAME? See Language page PLE See 'ancestors' 02.560.
Nivaclé -waf; -nɔx die, dead; die, dead https://ids.clld.org/ PLE
Ayoreo tooi See Language page PLE Also too'ge; i'tooi. Cf. 'corpse' 04.770.
Mapudungun l̯a See Language page PLE Ranquel form is la-.
Qawasqar yexanar See Language page PLE Also kʰanana 'dead one'. Gus, Sk, Bo, Cy record tˀef; Fe records alkelera for Central QWS. Fi, Hy record welarkarwona for south QWS.
Selknam w-ličè; čeṣke See Language page PLE Verbal forms.
Tehuelche 'ham- See Language page PLE
Kanamarí tsuku tʃɯkɯ morrer Magalhães 2018:378 Maria Castillo
Lokono odon odon die Pet 1987:355 Camille Unger
Kariña rom(py) rom(pɨ) die Yamada 2010:799 Camille Unger