Pilagá
- Family
- Guaicuruan
- Region
- South America
- ISO 639-3
- plg
- Location
- -25.10°, -60.15°
- Notes
- Features
-
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
- Data Sources
- Buckwalter, Albert S. & Julio Suárez. 2007. Pilagá. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/
Basic Vocabulary (191)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Source | Created By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| above | encima, arriba | acima | location | ∅-'we-ta-segem; ∅-we-ta-'lege | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| and | y | e | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| ash | ceniza(s) | cinzas | environment | 'halo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| at | en, a | em, a | location | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| back | espalda | costas | body | 'l-owiʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| bad | mal | mal | quality | asonkoi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| belly | barriga | barriga | body | le-'taʔam | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| below | abajo, debajo | abaixo | location | ∅-'we-ta-ʔ-ɲ-a | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| big | grande | grande | quality | ʔamaḳtaḳ; le-'tʔad-aik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| black | negro | preto | colour | l-'eed-aʁaik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| blood | sangre | sangue | body | le-tawoʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| boil/pimple | espinilla, granos | espinha, borbulha | body | ne-kot-e (ne-kote [?]) | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| bone | hueso | osso | body | li-pʔinek | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| breast | pecho, seno | peito | body | l-'otete | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| child | niño, niña | criança | human | noot-ole-k; noot-ole | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| cloud | nube | nuvem | environment | 'l-oʔok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| cold | frío | frio | quality | amaɬkawoi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| correct/true | verdad, de veras | verdade | quality | nakhoi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| day | día | dia | time | noloʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| dirty | sucio | sujo | quality | ankiɬpaisakmoi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| dingo/wolf | fauna | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| dry | seco | seco | quality | ∅-ḳaḳa-ta | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| dull/blunt | sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo | maçante, desamolado, não afiado | quality | sa yi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| dust | polvo | poeira | environment | ʔe'naa-yaʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| ear | oreja | orelha | body | le-ke'tela | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| earth/soil | tierra | terra | environment | ʔa'lewa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| egg | huevo | ovo | fauna | le-kʔoweʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| eye | ojo | olho | body | l-ʔaite | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| far | lejos | longe | quality | ḳa'ya-ʔa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fat/grease | grasa | gordura | body | li-čita; l-apiyo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| father | padre, papá | pai | kinship | le-tʔa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| feather | pluma | pena | fauna | l-ayo-ḳte | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fire | fuego | fogo | environment | 'd-oleʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| flower | flor | flor | environment | l-aʔwo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fog | niebla, neblina | nevoeira, bruma, neblina | environment | siʔwi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fruit | fruta | fruta | flora | hal-a | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| good | bueno | bom | quality | antasi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hair (of head) | cabello | cabelo | body | l-ayo-ʁot | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hand | mano | mão | body | l-owaḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| 3sg | el/ella | ele/ela | grammar | -ʔme | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| head | cabeza | cabeça | body | la-ḳai-k | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| heavy | pesado | pesado | quality | de-sali | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| how? | como | como | grammar | ikai aktaha | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| 1sg | yo | eu | grammar | hayim | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| if | si | se | grammar | laa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| in/inside | dentro, adentro | dentro | location | ∅-'we-ta-awe | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| intestines | intestinos | intestinos | body | li-pi'yoʁo-sek | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| lake | lago | lago | environment | pe'rona | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| leaf | hoja | folha | environment | l-ayo-ḳte | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| left/left hand | izquierdo | esquerdo | location/body | n-ʔemaḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| leg/foot | pierna | perna | body | li-či | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| lightning | rayo, relámpago | relampago | environment | n-ʔed-'aʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| liver | hígado | figado | body | le-lamek | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| long | largo | comprido, longo | quality | halok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| louse | piollo, piojo | piolho | fauna | l-apa-ʁat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| man/male | hombre | homem | human | 'leʔem | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| meat/flesh | carne | carne | fauna | l-apat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| moon | luna | lua | environment | ɲiʔ ʔa'woʁoik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| mother | madre, mamá | mãe | kinship | l-atʔe | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| mouth | boca | boca | body | ne-'degaʁat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| name | nombre | nome | human | akwisaia | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| near/close | cerca de | perto | quality | sa ḳa'ya-ake | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| nape | base del cuello, nuca | nuca | body | ne-ketaʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| neck | cuello | pescoço | body | lo-ḳosot | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| new | nuevo | novo | quality | 'dala-ʁaik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| night | noche | noite | time | 'piʔyaḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| no/not | no | não | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| nose | nariz | nariz | body | li-mik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| old | viejo | velho | quality | yi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| one | uno | um | number | [ʔoon]-olek; [ʔoon]-ole | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| other | otro | outro | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| pain/painful/sick | dolor, doloroso, enfermo | dor, doloroso, doente | body | yi-lw-aak | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| person/human being | persona | pessoa | human | siy-aʁawa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| rain | lluvia | chuva | environment | 'wetep | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| red | rojo | vermelho | colour | 'toom-aʁad-aik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| right/right hand | derecha | direita | location/body | l-oik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| road/path | camino | caminho | manufacture | n-adik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| root | raíz | raiz | flora | le-pataʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| rotten | podrido | podre | quality | ni-čiʔya | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sand | arena | areia | environment | pogaʁanaʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sharp | afilado, filudo, filoso | afiado | quality | y-aik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| short | corto | curto | quality | saḳa-lok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| shoulder | hombro | ombro | body | l-a'wage | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| shy/ashamed | tímido, vergonzoso | timido, com vergonha | mental | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| skin | piel | pele | body | 'l-oʔok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sky | cielo | céu | environment | piyem | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| small | pequeño | pequeno | quality | katʔ-olek | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| smoke | humo | fumaça | environment | ne-'malaʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| star | estrella | estrela | environment | 'waḳč-iɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| stick/wood | palo | pau, vara | flora | naʔ ʔipaḳ; diʔ ʔepaḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| stone | piedra | pedra | environment | ḳaʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| tail | cola, rabo | rabo | body | 'l-aawen-ek | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| that | ese/esa | esse | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| 3pl | ellos/ellas | eles/elas | grammar | -ʔme | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| thick | grueso, gordo, espeso | grosso | quality | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| thin | delgado | fino | quality | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| this | este/esta | este | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| 2sg | xx | xx | grammar | ʔam | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| throat | garganta | garganta | body | lo-ḳolama | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| three | tres | tres | number | [trees]-olḳ-a | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| thunder | truenos | trovão | environment | n-alim-'aʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| bite | morder | morder | body | 'y-ito | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| blow | soplar | soprar | body | yi-petet | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| breathe | respirar | respirar | body | l-ayat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| burn | quemar | queimar | environment | y-awik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| chew | masticar, mascar | mastigar | body | yi-paʁat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| climb | subir | subir | motion | we-'nodi-segem | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| come | venir | vir | motion | h-anak | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| cook | cocinar | cozinhar | impact | de-'wose | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| count | contar | contar | mental | n-alo-ḳten | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| cry | llorar | chorar | mental | akwiniyi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| cut/hack | cortar | cortar | impact | y-apiat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| die/be dead | morir | morrer | state | yi-lew; lew-aʁaik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| dig | cavar | cavar | impact | ne-seʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| dream | soñar | sonhar | mental | di-čoʁon | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| drink | beber, tomar | beber | body | ni-yom | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| eat | comer | comer | body | de-'keʔe; y-alik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fall | caer | cair | motion | n-ʔ'aḳa-ɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fear | miedo | medo | mental | apkak-ayi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| flow | fluir | fluir | motion | 'nat-eege | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fly | volar | voar | motion | 'w-ayo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| grow | crecer | crescer | state | ni-čik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hear | oír | ouvir | mental | de-mači | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hide | esconder | esconder | motion | y-oʁoč-iɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hit | golpear, pegar | bater | impact | yi-ʔwaʁan | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hold | correr, asegurar, sostener | segurar | other | l-a'soḳ-ot-ʔa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| kill | matar | matar | impact | y-alaat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| know/be knowledgeable | saber, conecer | saber, conhecer | mental | y-a'yaten | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| laugh | reír | rir | mental | l-a'saʁan | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| lie down | acostarse, echarse | deitar | motion | ne-naa-ɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| live/be alive | vivir | viver, morar | body | ne-kʔal-'eege | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| open/uncover | abrir | abrir | other | y-ʔo'wač-iyi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| pound/beat | machacar, golpear | bater | impact | yi-ʔwaʁan | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| say | decir | dizer | mental | y-ʔaʁat; ʔ-en-aak | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| scratch | rascar | rasgar | impact | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| see | ver | ver | mental | n-a'waa-či-iɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| shoot | tirar, disparar, balear | atirar | impact | y-ayin | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sit | sentar(se) | sentar | state | ∅-'ɲi-ɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sleep | dormir | dormir | body | d-ʔoči | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sniff/smell | olfatear, oler | cheirar | body | yi-ta | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| spit | escupir | cuspir | body | n-atoḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| split | partir, dividir | rachar, dividir, partir | impact | ∅-kosay-a-ʔage | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| squeeze | estrujar, exprimir | espremer | impact | ne-som | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| stab/pierce | apuñalar, acuchillar | apunhalar | impact | yi-sok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| stand | estar de pié | ficar em pé | state | ne-čaač-iɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| steal | robar | roubar | other | #NAME? | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| suck | chupar | chupar | body | ne-kʔowoḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| swell | hincharse | inchar | body | l-alaač-i | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| swim | nadar | nadar | motion | d-a'loʁon | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| think | pensar | pensar | mental | apɬinki akwaɬwok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| throw | tirar, lanzar | atirar, jogar | impact | y-asaḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| tie up/fasten | atar, amarrar | amarrar | impact | yi-koɲiʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| turn | girar, volter, torcer | virar | other | neso'woʁočiɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| vomit | vomitar | vomitar | body | 'h-anol | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| walk | caminar, andar | andar | motion | ∅-'kewo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| work | trabajar | trabalhar | other | d-ʔonat-aʁan | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| yawn | bostezar | bocejar | body | d-a'to-tak | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| tongue | lengua | lingua | body | l-a'čaʁat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| tooth | diente | dente | body | l-odaite | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| two | dos | dois | number | [doos]-olḳ-a | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| water | agua | agua | environment | noʁop | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| 1pl.incl | nosotros (inclusivo) | nós (inclusivo) | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| 1pl.excl | nosotros (exclusivo) | nós (exclusivo) | grammar | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||
| wet | mojado | molhado | quality | y-akit | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| what? | que, qué | que | grammar | 'haiʔčo-gamaʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| when? | cuando | quando | grammar | 'haiʔči gaʔme noloʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| where? | donde | onde | grammar | 'hega | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| white | blanco | branco | colour | y-apagaḳ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| who? | quien, quién | quem | grammar | 'haiʔči naʔme | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| wife | esposa | esposa | kinship | l-owa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| wind | viento | vento | environment | l-ayat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| wing | ala | asa | body | l-awa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| woman/female | mujer | mulher | human | yawo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| yellow | amarillo | amarelo | colour | yo-ḳowi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| 2pl | ustedes | vocês | grammar | ʔami | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| foot | pie | pé | body | l-'apiaʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| again | de nuevo, otra vez | de novo | grammar | ḳataʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| all | todo | todos | other | ʔe'naʔwak; yi-m-a | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| ankle | tobillo | tornozelo | body | li-ki'yokena | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| armpit | axila, sobaco | axila | body | le-saḳtakiʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| faeces | heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol | fezes | body | n-ola | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| lung | pulmón | pulmão | body | l-ačiʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sweat | sudar | suor, suar | body | ne-'soiyaḳa-ɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| itch | hormiguear, sentir comezón | coçar | body | di-siki | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| bark | corteza | casca | environment | 'l-oʔok | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| fingernail | uña | unha | body | le-nat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| heart | corazón | coração | body | li-kidiaḳte | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| sun | sol | sol | time | hasoʔ kʔaten-a | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| mountain/hill | montaña, colina, loma, cerro | morro, serra | environment | ḳasoʁonaʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| green | verde | verde | quality | d-a'dala | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||
| hot | caliente | quente | quality | ∅-pʔe | See Language page | PLE |
Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes | Created By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | Equus caballus | See Language page | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bat | murciélago | morcego | flora-fauna | Chiroptera spp. | laik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | 'mayoʔ | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| curassow | mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) | mutum | flora-fauna | Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. | See Language page | Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toucan | tucán, pinsha (Peru) | tucano | flora-fauna | Ramphastos sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gray-winged trumpeter | Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris | jacamim | flora-fauna | Psophia crepitans | See Language page | Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| guan | pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) | jacu | flora-fauna | Penelope sp. | See Language page | Different types have different localized ranges | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tinamou | tinamu, perdiz, gallineta | inambu, inhambu | flora-fauna | family Tinamidae | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hummingbird | colibrí, picaflor (Peru) | beija-flor | flora-fauna | family Trochilidae | See Language page | Widespread | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kingfisher | martín pescador, catalan (Peru) | martim-pescador | flora-fauna | family Alcedinidae | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| owl (large) | búho, lechuza | corujão | flora-fauna | order Strigiformes | See Language page | Widespread | No generic term. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| macaw | ara, guacamaya | Arara | flora-fauna | family Psittacidae; Ara sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| parrot | loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) | papagaio | flora-fauna | Amazona amazonica | ʔeleʔ | See Language page | Widespread | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dove | paloma | pomba | flora-fauna | family Columbidae | doḳotoʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hawk | halcón, gavilán | gavião | flora-fauna | family Accipitridae | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vulture | buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) | urubu | flora-fauna | family Cathartidae | pohe | See Language page | Widespread South America | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| duck | pato | pato, marreco | flora-fauna | Anatidae family | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great egret | Garza Blanca, Guyratî | Garça-Branca-Grande | flora-fauna | Ardea alba | See Language page | Widespread South America | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| woodpecker | pájaro carpintero, carpintero | pica-pau | flora-fauna | family Picidae | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | Canis famililaris | pioḳ | See Language page | Not native; widespread | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (wild; bush dog) | sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta | cachorro-do-mato | flora-fauna | Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anteater | oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus | tamanduá | flora-fauna | Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) | See Language page | Widespread Amazonian lowlands | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| armadillo | armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) | tatu | flora-fauna | family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri | See Language page | Widespread in Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sloth | pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) | macaco preguica | flora-fauna | Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| alligator, black caiman | babilla; cachirre | jacaré | flora-fauna | Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. | See Language page | Throughout Amazonia | Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| electric eel | anguila eléctrica | poraquê | flora-fauna | Electrophorus electricus | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish (generic) | pez | peixe | flora-fauna | 'niyaḳ | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pacu fish | palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) | pacu | flora-fauna | Mylossoma sp. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pirana | piraña, caribe | piranha | flora-fauna | subfamily Serrasalmidae | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tigerfish | taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) | traíra | flora-fauna | Hoplias sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mandi catfish | maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) | mandi | flora-fauna | Auchenipterus sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| speckled catfish | surubí, pintadillo | surubim, sorubim | flora-fauna | Pseudoplatystoma sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toad | sapo | sapo | flora-fauna | order Anura | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| iguana | iguana, garipiares (Colombia) | camaleão | flora-fauna | Iguana sp. | See Language page | iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| small lizard | lagartija | calango | flora-fauna | order Squamata | 'malaʁ-aik | See Language page | Lit. 'blue-masc. adj.'; 15.670. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stingray (generic) | rayas látigo, raya | arraia | flora-fauna | Potamotrygon sp. | kataik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| crab | cangrejo | caranguejo | flora-fauna | infraorder Brachyura | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anaconda | anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande | sucuri | flora-fauna | genus Eunectes | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| boa | boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura | jiboia | flora-fauna | family Boidae, subf. Boinae | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | nan-aik | See Language page | Lit. 'curl up-masc adj.'. | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake | víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara | jararaca | flora-fauna | Bothrops jararaca/atrox | See Language page | Widespread South America | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) | tortuga, morrocoy, motelo | jabutí, tartaruga | flora-fauna | Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria | napo'taʁanaḳ | See Language page | Widespread | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon dolphin | bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) | boto cor-de-rosa | flora-fauna | Inia geoffrensis | See Language page | Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mushroom | champiñón, hongo | cogumelo | flora-fauna | (any edible generic) | waḳčiɲi l-ʔat-ek | See Language page | Lit. 'star-3pp-produce fecal matter-masc. thing'. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| black palm | bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá | bacaba | flora-fauna | Oenocarpus bacaba | See Language page | Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon | may be confused in some entries with O. bataua | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| açai palm | huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) | açaí | flora-fauna | Euterpe sp. | See Language page | floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| miriti palm | moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti | buriti | flora-fauna | Mauritia flexuosa | See Language page | Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps | trunks contain sago-like starch | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| palm for roof thatch | pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná | caraná | flora-fauna | Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana | See Language page | Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests | palm | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paxiuba palm | pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba | paxiuba | flora-fauna | Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | palm | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peach palm, pejibaye palm | chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) | pupunha | flora-fauna | Bactris gasipaes | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| seje palm | ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá | patoá, patuá | flora-fauna | Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua | See Language page | mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia | may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coca | coca | coca | flora-fauna | Erythroxylum coca | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes | plant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotton | algodón | algodão | flora-fauna | Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) | 'waloḳ | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation | plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given') | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kapok | ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) | sumaumeira | flora-fauna | Ceiba pentandra | See Language page | northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas | tree | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hot pepper | ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) | pimenta | flora-fauna | Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden | plant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peanut | maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete | amendoim | flora-fauna | Arachis hypogaea | See Language page | plant | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pineapple | piña | abacaxi | flora-fauna | Ananas comosus | See Language page | plant | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| arrow cane, wildcane | caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana | cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio | flora-fauna | Gynerium sagittatum | See Language page | tropical regions, especially river banks | plant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| banana, plantain | banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano | banana | flora-fauna | Musa sp. | See Language page | Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift. | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beans | frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) | feijão | flora-fauna | Phaseolus spp. | See Language page | plant | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | (generic) | ʔawaḳa-pi | See Language page | Lit. 'bladed growth-plm'. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| maize, corn | mazorca, maiz | milho | flora-fauna | Zea mays | 'tawaʁa | See Language page | widespread, esp. in river floodplains | plant | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tobacco | tabaco | tabaco | flora-fauna | Nicotiana tabacum | 'ḳoy-ik; lo-'ḳoy-ik | See Language page | Respectively: lit. 'puff/smoke-producer'; '3pp-smoke-producer of'. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tree | árbol | arvore | flora-fauna | ha-daʔ ʔepaḳ ~ ha-daʔ ʔipaḳ | See Language page | Lit. 'fem.-standing/vertical tree)'. | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| achiote, anatto | achiote | urucum | flora-fauna | Bixa orellana | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | shrub | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| inga | guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) | inga | flora-fauna | Inga spp. | See Language page | Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia) | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| avocado | palta, aguacate | abacate | flora-fauna | Persea americana | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | tree | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bitterwood | tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) | envira | flora-fauna | Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala | See Language page | secondary forests, native to Brazil | tree | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brazil nut | castaña | castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) | flora-fauna | Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] | See Language page | 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. | tree | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cashew | anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) | caju | flora-fauna | Anacardium occidentale / giganteum | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| genipap | jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico | genipapo, jenipapo | flora-fauna | Genipapa americana | See Language page | widespread lowland SA | shrub | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| japurá | oreja de murcielago | japurá | flora-fauna | Erisma japura | See Language page | large tree | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rubber tree (sorva) | caucho, siringa, shiringa | seringa, borracha | flora-fauna | Hevea sp. | See Language page | Widespread Amazonia | tree | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ucuqui | yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) | ucuqui | flora-fauna | Pouteria ucuqui | See Language page | native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions | other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon tree-grape | uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) | cucura | flora-fauna | Pourouma cecropiifolia | See Language page | grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times | a tree; not a true grape | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (bitter or generic) | yuca brava | mandioca | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | piyok; [madiooka] | See Language page | not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. | Respectively: manioc plant; root. | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (sweet) | yuca, caribe | macaxeira | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | See Language page | Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere | No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato | papa | batata | flora-fauna | Solanum tuberosum | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation | compare entries for sweet potato | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato, sweet potato | camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara | batata-doce | flora-fauna | Ipomoea batatas | [wataata] | See Language page | plant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cará tuber, purple or white | camote, sachapapa | cará roxo, branco | flora-fauna | Dioscorea sp. | See Language page | secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings | plant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tannia, yautia | huitina (Peru), ñame | taioba branca | flora-fauna | Xanthosoma spp. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) | calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara | cabaça | flora-fauna | Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) | čimai; ʔo'wete | See Language page | indigenous gardens | Respectively: small gourd; large g. | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squash | calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) | abóbora | flora-fauna | Cucurbita sp. | 'taɲi; loli'aʁai | See Language page | plant | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cipó vine | tamishi, bejuco, yare | cipó | flora-fauna | Heteropsis spp. | n-akoloʔ | See Language page | secondary forest, floodplain | vine | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish poison, barbasco | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | flora-fauna | Lonchocarpus spp. | See Language page | secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation | shrub/tree | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca | ayahuasca, yage | ayahuasca, caapi | flora-fauna | Banisteriopsis caapi | See Language page | semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW | vine | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic snuff | vilca, cebil, yopo | paricá, yopo | flora-fauna | Anadenanthera sp. or virola | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| insect (generic) | insecto | insecto | flora-fauna | generic | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | Formicidae | pesoʔ | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant | conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro | tocandira | flora-fauna | Paraponera clavata | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leaf-cutter ant | Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse | saúva | flora-fauna | Atta sp. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| honeybee | abeja | abelha | flora-fauna | Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis | koʔnayaḳ l-apa-ʁat | See Language page | Lit. '? 3pp-announce-masc. thing'. Cf. 'louse' 03.811. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cockroach | cucaracha | barata-do-mato | flora-fauna | order Blattaria | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| firefly, lightning bug | lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) | vagalume | flora-fauna | fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae | ʔwe'daʁai | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| butterfly, moth | mariposa | borboleta | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | pe'tooloʁol | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| moth | mariposa nocturna, polilla | mariposa | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| angleworm | lombriz | minhoca | flora-fauna | order Opisthopora | ḳočiʔl | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| centipede | ciempiés | centopéia | flora-fauna | class Chilopoda | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scorpion | escorpión; alacran | escorpião | flora-fauna | order Scorpiones | noʁopik | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cicada | cigarra, chicharra | cigarra | flora-fauna | super fam. Cicadoidea | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| flea | pulga | pulga | flora-fauna | order Siphonaptera | pioḳ l-apa-ʁat | See Language page | Lit. 'dog 3pp-announce-masc. thing'; see 'louse' 03.811. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | Diptera | waltaʁaɲi | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cricket | saltón, grillo | grilo | flora-fauna | family Gryllidae | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) | suri, mojojoy | larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá | flora-fauna | Rhynchophorus sp. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| praying mantis, stick insects | mantis religiosa | louva-a-deus | flora-fauna | order Mantodea, family Mantidae | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mosquito | mosquito, zancudo | mosquito, carapana | flora-fauna | Anopheles sp. | wando | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| termites, white-ants | comején (Peru), termitas | cupim | flora-fauna | order Isoptera | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tick | garrapata | carrapato | flora-fauna | superfam Ixodoidea | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wasp | avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa | caba | flora-fauna | order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita | lawoik; lapaʁat | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snail | caracol, churo (Peru) | caracol | flora-fauna | class Gastropoda | na'siyo | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | Arachnidae, Araneae | pači'diyaʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| jaguar | yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) | onca | flora-fauna | Panthera onca | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manatee | vaca marina, manatí | peixe-boi | flora-fauna | Trichechus sp. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brown woolly monkey | Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt | macaco barrigudo | flora-fauna | Lagothrix lagothricha | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| howler monkey (red-handed) | mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) | guariba | flora-fauna | Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tufted capuchin monkey | mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero | macaco prego | flora-fauna | Cebus apella | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted capuchin | Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) | Caiarara | flora-fauna | Cebus albifrons | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted spider monkey | Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) | macaco aranha, coatá, quatá | flora-fauna | Ateles belzebuth/paniscus | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| opossum | zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo | mucura | flora-fauna | family Didelphidae | ʔal-ole-k | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| giant otter | Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria | ariranha | flora-fauna | Pteronura brasiliensis | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| neotropical otter (small) | Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) | lontra | flora-fauna | Lontra longicaudis | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| collared peccary | sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar | caititu, caetitu | flora-fauna | Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu | kooči 'leʔem | See Language page | Lit. 'pig-male'. | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-lipped peccary | Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana | queixada | flora-fauna | Tayassu pecari | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| porcupine | puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) | cuandu, porco-espinho | flora-fauna | family Erethizontidae | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotamundi, coatimundi | Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache | quati | flora-fauna | genus Nasua | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) | Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado | cutia | flora-fauna | Dasyprocta spp. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| capybara | Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco | capivara | flora-fauna | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| green acouchi | Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo | cutiara | flora-fauna | Myoprocta pratti | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paca (lowland) | Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) | paca | flora-fauna | Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mouse, rat | ratón | camundongo, rata | flora-fauna | Mus musculus | 'čigoʁonaʁa | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squirrel | ardilla, danta (Ven) | serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo | flora-fauna | family Sciuridae | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tapir | sachavaca, danta | anta | flora-fauna | Tapirus terrestris | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus | yʔoʁoneʔ | See Language page | PLE |
Cultural Vocabulary (97)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source | Created By |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | le-paḳt-aise | Lit. '3pp-weave-fem. thing'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| basket, small | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto pequeno, tampado | culture-material | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| bead | abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar | miçanga | culture-material | pelak-al-a | Lit. 'pelak (kind of tree)-3pp-fruit'; means 'fruit of the pelak tree'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| bed | cama | cama | culture-material | le-talaʔ | Same as 'mat 09.770. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| hammock | hamaca, chinchorro | rede | culture-material | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| bench, seat | banco, silla, asiento | banco | culture-material | ne-sʔ'on-aʁaki | Lit. '3pp-sit-enclosure'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| canoe | canoa | canoa | transport | li-likot-a | Lit. '3pp-row-fem. thing'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| drum (large signal) | tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) | tambor | culture | Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| drum | tambor | tambor | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| shaman, healer | chamán, brujo | xaman, pajé, feiticeiro | culture-mythology | apyawoɬma; apyaoɬma | In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| healer | curandero | benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) | culture-mythology | Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| broom | escoba | vassoura | culture-material | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| clothing | ropa | roupa | culture-mythology | l-ewo | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| fence, palisade | cerco | cerca | other | ḳopadit | Refers to fence made of posts and/or wire. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| firewood | leña | lenha | other | 'd-oleʔ l-asek | Lit. 'prefix-fire 3pp-fuel'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| Curupira (spirit type) | Curupira, Madremonte | Curupira | culture-mythology | malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | yikok | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| deity/powerful spirit/culture figure | dios(es), deidad | divinidade, figura mítica | culture-mythology | Inyapoŋ nitin (~ nitiŋ) | In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| flute | flauta, quena (Peru) | flauta | culture-mythology | multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| panpipe | carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora | caniço, flauta de pã | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| hollow log/trough for beer-making | canoa para chicha | cocho de caxiri | narcotics | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) | kapiwaya | capiwaya | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| knife | cuchillo | faca | culture-material | le-'leg-aʁan-aʁat | Also 09.230; and 'sword' 20.270. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| machete | machete | facão | culture-material | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| axe/stone axe | hacha (de piedra) | machado (de pedra) | subsistence tool | na-ḳačipe | especially for clearing fields | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| arrow | flecha | flecha | subsistence tool | yanka [loan Mascoyan]; yohon | The latter is a bird arrow. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | lahak | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| bow | arco | arco | subsistence tool | piɬpaɬ [loan Mascoyan] | arco | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| paddle/oar | remo | remo | transport | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| plate | plato | prato | culture-material | le-koki | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| pot | olla, pote | panela, vasilha | subsistence tool | l-ataʁaki | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| basin/bowl | tazón, plato hondo, taza | tijela | culture-material | l-ʔowelai | A large bowl, used to prepare 'algarroba'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| griddle for cooking flatbread | tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) | forno para beiju | subsistence tool | l-a'wo-ʁon-aʁaki | Lit. '3pp-bake-intrans.-enclosure'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| rattle | matraca, maraca | marico, chocalho | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| resin | resina, brea, copal | resina, brea, breu | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| wax | cera | cera | other | ma-ʔage l-'apa | Lit. 'sweet-along 3pp-lump'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| honey | miel | mel | food | ma-ʔage l-'iʔi | Lit. 'sweet-along 3pp-liquid'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| stone for lighting fires | piedra para hacer fuego | pedra para acender fogo | culture-material | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | l-aɲik | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| tattoo | tatuaje, tatu | tatuagem | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| thatch/roof | crisneja | palha, caraná | culture-material | ʔawaḳa-pi | Lit. 'grass-plm'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) | yurupari | jurupari | culture-mythology | a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| fetish, charm | fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga | feitiço, puçanga | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| feather headdress | plumaje, corona de plumas | enfeite/capacete de penas | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| paint body, body paint | pintura corporal | pintura corporal | culture-mythology | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| afterworld, land of dead, Heaven | tierra do los muertos | terra dos mortos | culture-mythology | Inyapoŋ nitiŋ apnakha | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| school | escuela | escola | acculturation | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| bottle | botella | garrafa | acculturation | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| paper | papel | papel | acculturation | wakahak [loan Mascoyan] | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| dream | sueño, soñar | sonho, sonhar | culture-mythology | di-čoʁon | Lit. '3pa-dream'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| chicken | gallina | galinha | acculturation | ʔo'legaʁa | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| grave | tumba, sepultura, sepulcro | sepultura, sepulcro, cova | culture-mythology | ne-sen-aḳaʔ | Lit. '3pp-bury-open space'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | lo-'ḳoy-aʁan-aʁaki | Lit. '3pp-smoke-intrans.-enclosure'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| sugarcane/sugar | azúcar, caña de azúcar | açucar (de cana) | acculturation | he-daʔ ma-ik | Lit. 'masc.-standing/vertical sweet-producer'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| skirt | falda, saya, fustan, pollera | saia | culture-material | ne-'saat-a-yi | Lit. '3pp-gird-aspect-in/through'. Cf. 06.110. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| shoes | zapatos | sapatos | dress | l-apelaʔ | Cf. 'foot' 04.370. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| policeman | polícia | policía | acculturation | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| soldier | soldado | soldado | acculturation | sopkilo | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| cat | gato | gato | acculturation | miča | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| gun | arma, escopeta | espingarda, fusil | acculturation | anmoama [loan Mascoyan?] | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| hat | sombero | chapéu | dress | n-aʁaʔdo | Lit. '3pp-headgear'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| chief/leader | jefe, cacique | chefe | culture-mythology | akwiski [from Mascoyan?] | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| club | garrote, cachiporra | clava, porrete | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| loincloth | taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla | tanga, tapa-sexo | dress | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| fireplace | hogar | lareira | other | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| fishing line | cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze | linha de pesca | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| salt | sal | sal | food | ḳaaʔnowa | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| song (generic) | canción, canto | canção | culture-mythology | apkaikmaski [loan Mascoyan] | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| blowgun | cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) | zarabatana | subsistence tool | currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| dart (blowgun) | dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) | dardo, seta | subsistence tool | hunting and warfare | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| fan | abanico | abanador, abano | subsistence tool | n-asaw | esp. for fanning a cooking fire | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| fish (with line) | anzuelear, pescar con linea | pescar (com linha) | food | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| fish (with fish-poison) | pescar con barbasco, barbasquear | pescar com timbó; tinguijar | food | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| hunt | cazar | caçar | food | apkiɬpakwakmi | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| game animal | caza, animal de caza | caça, animal de caça | food | 'siiyak | Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| gourd (dipper/bowl) | cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo | cuia | subsistence tool | čimai; ʔo'wete | Respectively: small gourd; large g. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| grater | rallador, rallo | ralador, ralo | subsistence tool | esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) | barbacoa | jirau | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| mortar | mortero | pilão | subsistence tool | 'l-ayo; wiyo | Respectively: '3pp-mortar'; (without ownership)'. | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| pestle | pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor | mão de pilão | subsistence tool | n-ʔelgek | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| fermented drink | masato, chicha | caxiri, chicha | culture | prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| flour/meal from manioc | fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina | farinha | food | [ʔa'liina] | agriculture | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||
| flat bread, cassava bread | pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe | beiju | food | usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| starch (tapioca, other) | almidón | goma de tapioca | food | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||
| tapioca drink, mingau | cahuana, caguana | mingau | food | agriculture | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| tipiti (manioc squeezer) | tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca | tipiti | food | word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| tripod for washing manioc | trípode | tripé | subsistence tool | agriculture | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| venom for darts, poison | veneno | curare | subsistence tool | hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| woven strainer/sieve | colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) | peneira, cumatá | subsistence tool | agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| bait for fishing | cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) | isca | subsistence tool | can refer to worms; more generic | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| fishtrap | trampa de peces, trampa | matapi, cacuri | subsistence tool | kilasma yamit | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| bottom grinding stone | manufacture | if different word from top grinding stone | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||
| top grinding stone | metate, mano; piedra de moler | metate, mano | manufacture | use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone | See Language page | PLE | |||||||||||||
| boomerang/throwing stick (generic) | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||
| spearthrower | subsistence tool | See Language page | PLE | ||||||||||||||||
| house | other | ʔemek | See Language page | PLE |